Lamotrigine (Epilepsy) updated on 06-15-2026

Table   Graphic     exposition period:

Congenital malformations
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified)1.14 [0.97, 1.35]0%18 studies4496,093low ROB-
Major congenital malformations1.15 [0.98, 1.36]0%17 studies4746,158low ROB-
Congenital heart defects1.04 [0.76, 1.41]0%6 studies261,928not evaluable ROB-
Limb defects1.15 [0.81, 1.61]0%5 studies41,814not evaluable ROB-
Neural Tube Defects0.72 [0.04, 11.59]0%2 studies352not evaluable ROB-
Digestive system anomalies0.56 [0.27, 1.18]0%2 studies11,462not evaluable ROB-
Minor congenital malformations10.14 [0.38, 267.91]-1 study112not evaluable ROB-
Nervous system anomalies1.13 [0.27, 4.77]0%2 studies1,462not evaluable ROB-
Oro-facial clefts4.39 [0.75, 25.72]83%2 studies1502,096not evaluable ROB-
Spina bifida1.28 [0.15, 10.73]0%2 studies5691not evaluable ROB-
Urinary malformations1.16 [0.51, 2.65]0%2 studies71,462not evaluable ROB-
Chromosomal abnormalities2.09 [0.79, 5.53]-1 study1,412not evaluable ROB-
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate5.93 [1.46, 24.07]-1 study104684not evaluable ROB11.33 [2.28; .]
Cleft palate21.00 [6.79, 64.98]-1 study46684not evaluable ROB41.49 [13.05; .]
Eye, ear, face and neck malformations0.78 [0.32, 1.89]-1 study1,412not evaluable ROB-
Genital anomalies0.76 [0.44, 1.32]-1 study1,412not evaluable ROB-
Microcephaly / Small head circumference for gestational age0.88 [0.73, 1.06]-1 study8505,299not evaluable ROB-
Respiratory system anomalies0.85 [0.35, 2.07]-1 study1,412not evaluable ROB-

Growth parameters and prematurity
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Preterm (< 37 weeks)0.97 [0.75, 1.26]0%9 studies175565not evaluable ROB-
Small for gestational age (weight)0.93 [0.84, 1.03]0%6 studies3,0255,621not evaluable ROB-
Large for gestational age (weight)1.47 [0.05, 41.93]71%2 studies74180not evaluable ROB-
Low birth weight (< 2500g)0.98 [0.84, 1.14]0%2 studies1,2585,402not evaluable ROB-
Extremely preterm (< 28 weeks)0.13 [0.00, 6.93]-1 study110not evaluable ROB-
Very preterm (28 to 32 weeks)0.13 [0.01, 2.17]-1 study2110not evaluable ROB-

Maternal consequences
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Caesarean1.00 [0.77, 1.31]0%2 studies744406not evaluable ROB-
Preeclampsia1.62 [0.98, 2.68]0%3 studies1737not evaluable ROB-
Assisted deliveries (forceps, vacuum, ...)1.63 [1.07, 2.47]-1 study185233not evaluable ROB2.64 [1.35; .]
Postpartum hemorrhage1.49 [1.06, 2.10]-1 study324233not evaluable ROB2.35 [1.31; .]
Abruptio placentae (retroplacental hematoma)0.77 [0.25, 2.35]-1 studynot evaluable ROB-
Amniotic fluid problems (polyhydramnios and/or oligohydramnios)3.31 [0.06, 183.69]-1 study7not evaluable ROB-
Gestational diabetes1.05 [0.04, 29.08]-1 study17not evaluable ROB-
Maternal consequences (as a whole)0.99 [0.83, 1.18]-1 study8305,080not evaluable ROB-

Neonatal disorders
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 5 min)1.63 [0.85, 3.14]0%3 studies54468not evaluable ROB-
Neonatal medical care2.08 [1.10, 3.93]0%3 studies206267not evaluable ROB3.58 [1.43; .]
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 1 min)1.69 [0.35, 8.14]-1 study78154not evaluable ROB-
Fetal distress--0 study-
Neonatal disorders (as a whole)1.20 [0.58, 2.48]-1 study38106not evaluable ROB-
Withdrawal syndrome / Neonatal abstinence syndrome / Poor neonatal adaptation--0 study-

Long term consequences
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Child/Infant death (> 28 days of life)2.33 [0.19, 28.62]-1 study6173not evaluable ROB-

Intrauterine deaths
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Intrauterine deaths (as a whole or unspecified)2.07 [0.52, 8.19]56%5 studies1,9201,237not evaluable ROB-
Early intrauterine deaths (< 22 weeks) / Spontaneous abortions1.14 [0.16, 8.05]0%2 studies650not evaluable ROB-
Elective/induced termination of pregnancy1.25 [0.05, 31.47]33%2 studies140not evaluable ROB-
Late intrauterine deaths (> 22 weeks) / Stillbirths1.13 [0.07, 19.22]0%2 studies27not evaluable ROB-
Perinatal death0.49 [0.03, 8.47]-1 study10173not evaluable ROB-
Therapeutic terminations of pregnancy0.10 [0.00, 5.62]-1 study37not evaluable ROB-

Neuro-developmental disorders
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Language disorders/delay1.05 [0.70, 1.58]61%10 studies7033,664low ROB-
ASD (Autism spectrum disorder): Diagnosis/Risk0.92 [0.78, 1.09]0%8 studies1,14211,930not evaluable ROB-
ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder): Diagnosis/Risk0.98 [0.80, 1.20]43%7 studies2,18811,848not evaluable ROB-
Psychomotor developmental disorders/delay1.13 [0.67, 1.90]62%9 studies1353,648not evaluable ROB-
ASD (Autism spectrum disorder): Diagnosis0.88 [0.74, 1.05]0%6 studies1,10111,771serious ROB-
Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (> 6 years old)1.01 [0.80, 1.28]0%7 studies4888,598not evaluable ROB-
Neuro-developmental disorders (as a whole)0.84 [0.66, 1.06]0%5 studies5405,271not evaluable ROB-
ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder): Diagnosis0.95 [0.77, 1.17]50%5 studies2,18111,765not evaluable ROB-
Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (3-6 years old)1.88 [0.79, 4.50]76%5 studies2018,425not evaluable ROB-
Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (< 3 years old)1.55 [0.68, 3.52]33%4 studies11141not evaluable ROB-
Learning disorders 1.18 [0.66, 2.11]55%4 studies643,541not evaluable ROB-
Severe cognitive developmental delay (Mental retardation) (3-6 years old)1.16 [0.41, 3.32]73%3 studies1998,381not evaluable ROB-
ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder): Risk1.42 [0.72, 2.78]0%2 studies783not evaluable ROB-
ASD (Autism spectrum disorder): Risk1.64 [0.66, 4.06]6%2 studies41159not evaluable ROB-
Severe cognitive developmental delay (Mental retardation) (> 6 years old)1.05 [0.77, 1.43]19%3 studies4468,462not evaluable ROB-

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