Metronidazole (all routes except local only) updated on 01-29-2025

Table   Graphic     exposition period:

Congenital malformations
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified)1.10 [0.97, 1.26]0%9 studies61,3913,716not evaluable ROB-
Major congenital malformations1.15 [0.98, 1.34]0%6 studies32,0832,509not evaluable ROB-
Congenital heart defects0.92 [0.63, 1.34]0%3 studies5,6531,907not evaluable ROB-
Cleft palate0.49 [0.10, 2.52]0%2 studies672575not evaluable ROB-
Limb defects0.98 [0.68, 1.40]0%2 studies4,9351,730not evaluable ROB-
Nervous system anomalies0.66 [0.34, 1.25]0%2 studies7601,730not evaluable ROB-
Respiratory system anomalies1.07 [0.32, 3.64]0%2 studies5711,730not evaluable ROB-
Cardiac septal defects1.18 [0.58, 2.40]-1 study1,876412not evaluable ROB-
Club foot / Talipes equinovarus1.26 [0.68, 2.30]3%2 studies2,459184not evaluable ROB-
Craniosynostosis1.37 [0.43, 4.37]-1 study636412not evaluable ROB-
Digestive system anomalies1.13 [0.46, 2.76]-1 study1,104412not evaluable ROB-
Eye, ear, face and neck malformations0.88 [0.22, 3.49]-1 study737412not evaluable ROB-
Genital anomalies0.54 [0.13, 2.21]-1 study1,152412not evaluable ROB-
Urinary malformations1.53 [0.63, 3.71]-1 study942412not evaluable ROB-
Ano-rectal atresia and stenosis3.35 [1.05, 10.66]-1 study160165not evaluable ROB6.16 [1.29; .]
Chromosomal abnormalities0.20 [0.01, 4.17]-1 study21,318not evaluable ROB-
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate1.67 [0.85, 3.29]-1 study1,007171not evaluable ROB-
Diaphragmatic hernia1.77 [0.44, 7.16]-1 study211164not evaluable ROB-
Ear malformations0.35 [0.02, 5.66]-1 study267162not evaluable ROB-
Gastroschisis1.02 [0.14, 7.40]-1 study193163not evaluable ROB-
Hydrocephaly3.48 [1.41, 8.57]-1 study278167not evaluable ROB6.42 [2.18; .]
Hypospadias1.04 [0.58, 1.87]-1 study2,217174not evaluable ROB-
Limb reduction defects (LRD)0.85 [0.21, 3.45]-1 study424164not evaluable ROB-
Microcephaly / Small head circumference for gestational age0.40 [0.10, 1.55]-1 study10916not evaluable ROB-
Minor congenital malformations--0 study-
Neural Tube Defects1.60 [0.67, 3.82]-1 study1,20290not evaluable ROB-
Polydactyly1.86 [1.03, 3.36]-1 study1,266174not evaluable ROB3.12 [1.21; .]

Growth parameters and prematurity
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Preterm (< 37 weeks)1.32 [0.86, 2.03]71%5 studies1,1951,398not evaluable ROB-
Low birth weight (< 2500g)0.96 [0.69, 1.34]-1 study262921not evaluable ROB-
Small for gestational age (weight)0.98 [0.72, 1.34]-1 study8,192323not evaluable ROB-
Very low birth weight (< 1500g)1.15 [0.69, 1.92]-1 study601,318not evaluable ROB-

Neonatal disorders
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Neonatal antibiotic resistance4.66 [0.21, 101.47]-1 study322not evaluable ROB-

Long term consequences
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Leukemia1.39 [0.85, 2.27]0%2 studies44590not evaluable ROB-
Cancer (all kind) in children or adults0.81 [0.41, 1.60]-1 study175not evaluable ROB-
Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors1.23 [0.29, 5.21]-1 study30not evaluable ROB-
Neuroblastoma2.60 [0.89, 7.59]-1 study28not evaluable ROB-

Intrauterine deaths
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Early intrauterine death (< 22 weeks)1.47 [0.98, 2.21]42%2 studies8,762204not evaluable ROB-
Late intrauterine deaths (> 22 weeks)0.54 [0.18, 1.68]0%2 studies131,526not evaluable ROB-
Ectopic pregnancy--0 study-
Elective/induced termination of pregnancy3.41 [1.86, 6.25]-1 study45228not evaluable ROB6.27 [3.12; .]

Neuro-developmental disorders
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (> 6 years old)1.07 [0.79, 1.44]-1 studynot evaluable ROB-
Severe cognitive developmental delay (Mental retardation) (> 6 years old)0.72 [0.35, 1.47]-1 studynot evaluable ROB-

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