Metronidazole (all routes except local only) updated on 01-29-2025

Limb defects

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S17594
R74263		 Muanda a (Controls exposed to penicillins), 2017 Musculoskeletal system 1st trimester retrospective cohort (claims database) exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: Yes 1.11 [0.58;2.12]
excluded (control group) 		15/412   192/9,106 207 412
ref
S17595
R74277		 Muanda a (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017 Musculoskeletal system 1st trimester retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes 0.86 [0.51;1.44] 15/412   4,856/124,469 4,871 412
ref
S17596
R74285		 Piper, 1993 Any musculoskeletal defects 1st trimester retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes 1.10 [0.70;1.90] 35/1,318   29/1,320 64 1,318
ref
Total 2 studies 0.98 [0.68;1.40] 4,935 1,730
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Muanda a (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017Muanda a, 2017 1 0.86[0.51; 1.44]4,87141248%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: moderateROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Piper, 1993Piper, 1993 1.10[0.70; 1.90]641,31852%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Total (2 studies) I2 = 0% 0.98[0.68; 1.40]4,9351,7300.25.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

1: Controls unexposed, NOS;

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 0.98[0.68; 1.40]4,9351,7300%NAMuanda a (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017 Piper, 1993 2 case control studiescase control studies 0 Type of controls unexposed (disease free or unspecified)unexposed (disease free or unspecified) 0.98[0.68; 1.40]4,9351,7300%NAMuanda a (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017 Piper, 1993 2 Tags Adjustment   - Yes  - Yes 0.98[0.68; 1.40]4,9351,7300%NAMuanda a (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017 Piper, 1993 2 All studiesAll studies 0.98[0.68; 1.40]4,9351,7300%NAMuanda a (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017 Piper, 1993 20.25.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 17594

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 0.98[0.68; 1.40]4,9351,7300%NAMuanda a (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017 Piper, 1993 2 exposed to other treatment, sick controlsexposed to other treatment, sick controls 1.11[0.58; 2.12]207412 -NAMuanda a (Controls exposed to penicillins), 2017 10.510.01.0

Umbrella review (other published meta-analyses)

Published MAControlPeriodTE95% CIn exposedkI2 Ajiji (Limb deficiences)Ajiji (Limb deficiences) 1.45[0.59; 3.56]0%-Wwhatever (meta-analysis)T1+at least 1st trimesterstudies TTT3 metaPregmetaPreg 0.98[0.68; 1.40]0%1,730----Muanda a (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017 Piper, 1993 20.510.01.0