Metronidazole (all routes except local only) updated on 01-29-2025

Congenital heart defects

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S17594
R74259		 Muanda a (Controls exposed to penicillins), 2017 Cardiac malformations 1st trimester retrospective cohort (claims database) exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: Yes 1.11 [0.58;2.12]
excluded (control group) 		10/412   192/9,106 202 412
ref
S17595
R74273		 Muanda a (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017 Cardiac malformations 1st trimester retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes 1.13 [0.60;2.12] 10/412   2,416/124,469 2,426 412
ref
S17589
R74226		 Czeizel, 1998 Cardiovascular congenital anomalies 1st trimester case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes 0.88 [0.52;1.50] 15/177   3,198/33,669 3,213 177
ref
S17596
R74283		 Piper, 1993 Any heart defects 1st trimester retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes 0.60 [0.20;1.70] 6/1,318   8/1,320 14 1,318
ref
Total 3 studies 0.92 [0.63;1.34] 5,653 1,907
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Muanda a (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017Muanda a, 2017 1 1.13[0.60; 2.12]2,42641236%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: moderateROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Czeizel, 1998Czeizel, 1998 0.88[0.52; 1.50]3,21317751%ROB confusion: unclearROB selection: criticalROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Piper, 1993Piper, 1993 0.60[0.20; 1.70]141,31813%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Total (3 studies) I2 = 0% 0.92[0.63; 1.34]5,6531,9070.25.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

1: Controls unexposed, NOS;

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 0.96[0.56; 1.65]2,4401,7300%NAMuanda a (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017 Piper, 1993 2 case control studiescase control studies 0.88[0.52; 1.49]3,213177 -NACzeizel, 1998 1 Type of controls unexposed (disease free or unspecified)unexposed (disease free or unspecified) 0.92[0.63; 1.34]5,6531,9070%NAMuanda a (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017 Czeizel, 1998 Piper, 1993 3 Tags Adjustment   - Yes  - Yes 0.92[0.63; 1.34]5,6531,9070%NAMuanda a (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017 Czeizel, 1998 Piper, 1993 3 All studiesAll studies 0.92[0.63; 1.34]5,6531,9070%NAMuanda a (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017 Czeizel, 1998 Piper, 1993 30.25.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 17594

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 0.92[0.63; 1.34]5,6531,9070%NAMuanda a (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017 Czeizel, 1998 Piper, 1993 3 exposed to other treatment, sick controlsexposed to other treatment, sick controls 1.11[0.58; 2.12]202412 -NAMuanda a (Controls exposed to penicillins), 2017 10.510.01.0

Umbrella review (other published meta-analyses)

Published MAControlPeriodTE95% CIn exposedkI2 Ajiji (Congenital hearts defects)Ajiji (Congenital hearts defects) 0.94[0.66; 1.34]0%-Wwhatever (meta-analysis)T1+at least 1st trimesterstudies TTT4 metaPregmetaPreg 0.92[0.63; 1.34]0%1,907----Muanda a (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017 Czeizel, 1998 Piper, 1993 30.510.01.0