Clonazepam (Psy and Mixed indications) updated on 02-10-2025

Table   Graphic     exposition period:

Congenital malformations
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified)1.04 [0.85, 1.27]0%4 studies228,8841,793not evaluable ROB-
Major congenital malformations1.04 [0.85, 1.27]0%4 studies228,8841,793not evaluable ROB-
Microcephaly / Small head circumference for gestational age3.23 [0.42, 24.81]89%2 studies133,8171,999not evaluable ROB-
Ano-rectal atresia and stenosis1.16 [0.32, 4.18]0%2 studies1,6101,003not evaluable ROB-
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate0.95 [0.39, 2.30]0%2 studies4,7231,007not evaluable ROB-
Cleft palate1.60 [0.67, 3.84]0%2 studies2,7571,006not evaluable ROB-
Congenital heart defects1.03 [0.80, 1.33]3%2 studies95,8401,498not evaluable ROB-
Gastroschisis1.12 [0.30, 4.14]2%2 studies1,6431,003not evaluable ROB-
Hypospadias0.83 [0.29, 2.37]0%2 studies5,913not evaluable ROB-
Oesophageal atresia with or without tracheo-oesophageal fistula1.45 [0.24, 8.75]15%2 studies1,1461,002not evaluable ROB-
Atrial septal defect0.82 [0.30, 2.21]0%2 studies6,2951,005not evaluable ROB-
Atrioventricular septal defect2.68 [0.74, 9.72]0%2 studies8981,003not evaluable ROB-
Bilateral renal agenesis including Potter syndrome12.68 [0.79, 204.77]-1 study75980not evaluable ROB-
Club foot / Talipes equinovarus1.14 [0.16, 8.12]-1 study1,678980not evaluable ROB-
Coarctation of aorta0.66 [0.13, 3.35]0%2 studies1,9321,002not evaluable ROB-
Craniosynostosis1.04 [0.34, 3.19]0%2 studies2,3451,004not evaluable ROB-
Diaphragmatic hernia1.02 [0.20, 5.18]0%2 studies1,2451,002not evaluable ROB-
Hydrocephaly1.07 [0.14, 7.98]-1 study51322not evaluable ROB-
Neural Tube Defects1.30 [0.48, 3.49]-1 study2,10526not evaluable ROB-
Omphalocele1.50 [0.21, 10.82]0%2 studies7001,001not evaluable ROB-
Spina bifida1.34 [0.44, 4.02]0%2 studies1,8571,004not evaluable ROB-
Tetralogy of Fallot1.94 [0.78, 4.78]0%2 studies1,7811,006not evaluable ROB-
Ventricular septal defect1.46 [0.67, 3.16]0%2 studies6,2951,005not evaluable ROB-
Anophthalmos/micropthalmos1.17 [0.07, 19.32]-1 study23021not evaluable ROB-
Anotia2.40 [0.71, 8.16]-1 study68524not evaluable ROB-
Aortic valve atresia/stenosis1.08 [0.14, 8.02]-1 study51022not evaluable ROB-
Atresia or stenosis of other parts of small intestine--0 study-
Bladder exstrophy and/or epispadia11.61 [0.72, 187.25]-1 study82980not evaluable ROB-
Cardiac septal defects1.10 [0.51, 2.36]-1 study4,67331not evaluable ROB-
Ear malformations--0 study-
Ebstein's anomaly18.96 [1.17, 307.53]-1 study50980not evaluable ROB37.41 [1.61; .]
Eye defects--0 study-
Genital anomalies--0 study-
Hypoplastic left heart (HLH/HLHS)4.42 [0.28, 70.98]-1 study216980not evaluable ROB-
Hypoplastic right heart (HRH/HRHS)14.40 [0.89, 232.77]-1 study66980not evaluable ROB-
Limb reduction defects (LRD)--0 study-
Oro-facial clefts0.68 [0.10, 4.83]-1 study2,816980not evaluable ROB-
Polydactyly--0 study-
Pulmonary valve atresia6.28 [0.39, 100.91]-1 study152980not evaluable ROB-
Pulmonary valve stenosis1.20 [0.46, 3.13]-1 study1,53226not evaluable ROB-
Transposition of the great vessels1.44 [0.34, 6.14]-1 study76523not evaluable ROB-

Growth parameters and prematurity
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Low birth weight (< 2500g)1.26 [0.75, 2.12]89%2 studies232,0552,265not evaluable ROB-
Small for gestational age (weight)1.29 [1.14, 1.45]0%2 studies611,5502,265not evaluable ROB1.89 [1.54; .]
Preterm (< 37 weeks)1.46 [1.21, 1.77]0%2 studies125,3451,508not evaluable ROB2.28 [1.71; .]
Extremely preterm (< 28 weeks)0.67 [0.09, 4.78]-1 study2,0421,246not evaluable ROB-
Macrosomia (> 4000g)0.86 [0.76, 0.97]-1 study577,4751,246not evaluable ROB1.61 [.; 1.23]
Very preterm (28 to 32 weeks)1.44 [0.75, 2.78]-1 study8,5931,246not evaluable ROB-

Maternal consequences
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Caesarean0.92 [0.19, 4.43]-1 study818not evaluable ROB-

Neonatal disorders
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Neonatal medical care1.91 [0.53, 6.84]-1 study1418not evaluable ROB-
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 5 min)1.47 [0.62, 3.50]-1 study8,802260not evaluable ROB-
Neonatal disorders (as a whole)1.26 [1.08, 1.46]-1 study222,3981,246not evaluable ROB1.83 [1.37; .]

Long term consequences
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Child/Infant death (> 28 days of life)0.58 [0.15, 2.34]-1 study4,6971,246not evaluable ROB-

Intrauterine deaths
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Early intrauterine deaths (< 22 weeks) / Spontaneous abortions1.86 [1.56, 2.22]0%2 studies135,482439not evaluable ROB3.13 [2.50; .]

Neuro-developmental disorders
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
ASD (Autism spectrum disorder): Diagnosis1.34 [0.95, 1.90]0%2 studies42,7502,428not evaluable ROB-
ASD (Autism spectrum disorder): Diagnosis/Risk1.34 [0.95, 1.90]0%2 studies42,7502,428not evaluable ROB-
Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (< 3 years old)2.96 [0.99, 8.88]-1 study18not evaluable ROB-
Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (> 6 years old)1.76 [1.06, 2.92]-1 study16,3991,182not evaluable ROB2.92 [1.31; .]
Neuro-developmental disorders (as a whole)1.31 [1.03, 1.66]0%2 studies78,3712,428not evaluable ROB1.94 [1.21; .]
Psychomotor developmental disorders/delay0.73 [0.25, 2.14]-1 study18not evaluable ROB-
Severe cognitive developmental delay (Mental retardation) (> 6 years old)1.76 [1.06, 2.92]-1 study16,3991,182not evaluable ROB2.92 [1.31; .]
ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder): Diagnosis1.43 [0.95, 2.16]-1 study28,777314not evaluable ROB-
ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder): Diagnosis/Risk1.43 [0.95, 2.16]-1 study27,857314not evaluable ROB-
Childhood autism (F84.0)0.90 [0.11, 7.37]-1 study2,065269not evaluable ROB-
Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (3-6 years old)0.60 [0.19, 1.85]-1 study3,4011,246not evaluable ROB-
Language disorders/delay0.90 [0.72, 1.13]-1 study72,1091,246not evaluable ROB-
Learning disorders 1.14 [1.00, 1.29]-1 study101not evaluable ROB1.54 [1.06; .]
Severe cognitive developmental delay (Mental retardation) (3-6 years old)0.60 [0.19, 1.85]-1 study3,4011,246not evaluable ROB-

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