Phenobarbital (All indications)

Table   Graphic     exposition period:

Congenital malformations
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified)2.49 [1.85, 3.35]0%17 studies49,8921,200low ROB4.42 [3.11; .]
Major congenital malformations2.58 [1.87, 3.56]0%13 studies49,8411,049low ROB4.59 [3.14; .]
Congenital heart defects3.84 [1.95, 7.54]13%6 studies53646not evaluable ROB7.13 [3.31; .]
Hypospadias3.10 [0.88, 10.93]0%6 studies3,382589not evaluable ROB-
Microcephaly / Small head circumference for gestational age3.09 [1.34, 7.13]0%6 studies476294not evaluable ROB5.64 [2.02; .]
Minor congenital malformations1.92 [0.88, 4.18]11%4 studies59173not evaluable ROB-
Spina bifida6.95 [0.78, 61.60]37%3 studies620119not evaluable ROB-
Oro-facial clefts4.46 [1.70, 11.72]0%4 studies2,831600not evaluable ROB8.40 [2.79; .]
Ano-rectal atresia and stenosis4.00 [0.12, 134.90]63%2 studies54592not evaluable ROB-
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate6.86 [0.84, 56.26]0%2 studies1,638133not evaluable ROB-
Club foot / Talipes equinovarus4.55 [0.47, 44.55]0%2 studies1,67792not evaluable ROB-
Craniosynostosis8.30 [0.83, 83.23]0%2 studies76684not evaluable ROB-
Hip dislocation and/or dysplasia4.08 [0.31, 53.22]0%2 studies116not evaluable ROB-
Neural Tube Defects4.12 [0.63, 26.77]21%4 studies6576not evaluable ROB-
Polydactyly12.12 [1.45, 101.31]0%3 studies4298not evaluable ROB23.72 [2.26; .]
Urinary malformations0.59 [0.11, 3.19]0%2 studies15431not evaluable ROB-
Atrial septal defect3.60 [0.22, 58.12]-1 study3,26880not evaluable ROB-
Atrioventricular septal defect22.27 [1.38, 359.70]-1 study52980not evaluable ROB44.04 [2.10; .]
Bilateral renal agenesis including Potter syndrome156.25 [9.60, 2543.08]-1 study7580not evaluable ROB311.99 [18.69; .]
Bladder exstrophy and/or epispadia142.99 [8.79, 2325.49]-1 study8280not evaluable ROB285.48 [17.07; .]
Cleft palate10.00 [0.62, 161.44]-1 study1,17880not evaluable ROB-
Coarctation of aorta15.13 [0.94, 244.20]-1 study77980not evaluable ROB-
Congenital cataract0.59 [0.02, 15.81]-1 study112not evaluable ROB-
Diaphragmatic hernia31.16 [1.93, 503.50]-1 study37880not evaluable ROB61.82 [3.27; .]
Digestive system anomalies0.83 [0.03, 20.42]-1 study1137not evaluable ROB-
Down syndrom / Trisomy 212.14 [0.03, 131.94]-1 study4not evaluable ROB-
Ebstein's anomaly233.60 [14.29, 3819.26]-1 study5080not evaluable ROB466.70 [28.07; .]
Gastroschisis48.44 [3.00, 783.49]-1 study24380not evaluable ROB96.38 [5.44; .]
Hypoplastic left heart (HLH/HLHS)54.48 [3.37, 881.52]-1 study21680not evaluable ROB108.46 [6.19; .]
Hypoplastic right heart (HRH/HRHS)177.39 [10.89, 2890.83]-1 study6680not evaluable ROB354.29 [21.26; .]
Limb defects2.50 [0.35, 17.96]-1 study4137not evaluable ROB-
Nervous system anomalies7.52 [0.30, 185.67]-1 study1137not evaluable ROB-
Oesophageal atresia with or without tracheo-oesophageal fistula30.05 [1.86, 485.50]-1 study39280not evaluable ROB59.60 [3.12; .]
Omphalocele44.26 [2.74, 715.69]-1 study26680not evaluable ROB88.02 [4.92; .]
Pulmonary valve atresia77.35 [4.77, 1253.19]-1 study15280not evaluable ROB154.20 [9.02; .]
Tetralogy of Fallot20.18 [1.25, 325.80]-1 study58480not evaluable ROB39.85 [1.81; .]
Ventricular septal defect10.50 [1.91, 57.73]-1 study4,64580not evaluable ROB20.49 [3.23; .]
Eye defects0.92 [0.30, 2.84]-1 study1561not evaluable ROB-

Growth parameters and prematurity
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Preterm (< 37 weeks)1.34 [0.80, 2.23]0%5 studies91,658206not evaluable ROB-
Small for gestational age (weight)2.20 [1.66, 2.91]2%5 studies168,006369not evaluable ROB3.82 [2.71; .]
Low birth weight (< 2500g)2.54 [1.60, 4.02]0%2 studies91,725180not evaluable ROB4.52 [2.59; .]
Macrosomia (> 4000g)0.49 [0.29, 0.82]0%2 studies577,11494not evaluable ROB3.54 [.; 1.72]
Extremely preterm (< 28 weeks)5.01 [0.31, 80.81]-1 study2,04184not evaluable ROB-
Very preterm (28 to 32 weeks)2.39 [0.33, 17.16]-1 study8,58584not evaluable ROB-
Large head circumference for gestational age5.00 [0.07, 366.35]-1 study2not evaluable ROB-

Maternal consequences
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Assisted deliveries (forceps, vacuum, ...)0.05 [0.00, 6.68]-1 study10not evaluable ROB-
Caesarean0.18 [0.00, 12.84]-1 study110not evaluable ROB-
Polyhydramnios0.05 [0.00, 6.68]-1 study10not evaluable ROB-

Neonatal disorders
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Feeding difficulty5.62 [0.72, 44.00]0%3 studies315not evaluable ROB-
Neonatal disorders (as a whole)0.77 [0.39, 1.52]0%2 studies222,21288not evaluable ROB-
Neonatal intracranial hemorrhage1.04 [0.66, 1.62]0%3 studies100230not evaluable ROB-
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 1 min)0.55 [0.02, 15.67]36%2 studies222not evaluable ROB-
Cerebral palsy1.87 [0.03, 100.54]-1 study12not evaluable ROB-
Withdrawal syndrome / Neonatal abstinence syndrome / Poor neonatal adaptation63.00 [0.51, 7760.63]-1 study1not evaluable ROB-
Jaundice0.62 [0.02, 19.59]-1 study14not evaluable ROB-
Neonatal hypotonia2.14 [0.03, 131.94]-1 study4not evaluable ROB-
Neonatal infections2.14 [0.03, 131.94]-1 study4not evaluable ROB-
Neonatal medical care2.14 [0.03, 131.94]-1 study4not evaluable ROB-
Neonatal tachypnea2.14 [0.03, 131.94]-1 study4not evaluable ROB-
Eye deficiency / Visual abnormality2.66 [0.27, 25.79]-1 study4224not evaluable ROB-
Hearing loss / Auditory deficit0.88 [0.30, 2.54]-1 study14224not evaluable ROB-

Long term consequences
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Child/Infant death (> 28 days of life)1.87 [0.51, 6.88]0%3 studies4,703395not evaluable ROB-
Child/Infant head circumference abnormalities (> 1 year)--0 study-
Child/Infant lenght abnormalities (> 1 year)--0 study-
Child/Infant weight abnormalities (> 1 year)--0 study-

Intrauterine deaths
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Intrauterine deaths (as a whole or unspecified)0.92 [0.41, 2.07]28%3 studies182401not evaluable ROB-
Early intrauterine death (< 22 weeks)1.06 [0.63, 1.79]1%2 studies165263not evaluable ROB-
Elective/induced termination of pregnancy1.40 [0.02, 97.44]-1 study3not evaluable ROB-
Therapeutic terminations of pregnancy1.40 [0.02, 97.44]-1 study3not evaluable ROB-
Perinatal death0.67 [0.06, 7.16]0%2 studies3321not evaluable ROB-
Late intrauterine deaths (> 22 weeks)2.46 [0.49, 12.25]-1 study8260not evaluable ROB-

Neuro-developmental disorders
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Neuro-developmental disorders (as a whole)2.01 [1.15, 3.54]0%5 studies10,481326not evaluable ROB3.44 [1.56; .]
Language disorders/delay2.51 [1.33, 4.74]23%4 studies72,019133not evaluable ROB4.46 [2.00; .]
ASD (Autism spectrum disorder): Diagnosis2.36 [1.00, 5.54]0%2 studies4,552259not evaluable ROB4.15 [1.06; .]
ASD (Autism spectrum disorder): Diagnosis/Risk2.36 [1.00, 5.54]0%2 studies4,552259not evaluable ROB4.15 [1.06; .]
Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (3-6 years old)7.18 [1.16, 44.46]34%2 studies3,39987not evaluable ROB13.84 [1.59; .]
Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (> 6 years old)2.93 [1.39, 6.17]0%3 studies149not evaluable ROB5.30 [2.12; .]
Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (< 3 years old)0.70 [0.27, 1.84]0%2 studies2454not evaluable ROB-
Learning disorders 3.12 [0.30, 32.23]78%2 studies761not evaluable ROB-
Psychomotor developmental disorders/delay0.56 [0.20, 1.61]0%2 studies2045not evaluable ROB-
Severe cognitive developmental delay (Mental retardation) (3-6 years old)3.00 [0.41, 21.94]-1 study3,39984not evaluable ROB-
Severe cognitive developmental delay (Mental retardation) (> 6 years old)1.53 [0.05, 49.80]-1 study13not evaluable ROB-
Severe cognitive developmental delay (Mental retardation) (< 3 years old)--0 study-

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