Diuretics (versus unexposed) updated on 03-11-2025

Table   Graphic     exposition period:

Congenital malformations
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified)1.55 [1.10, 2.18]0%5 studies35,117271not evaluable ROB2.47 [1.44; .]
Congenital heart defects1.40 [0.84, 2.32]0%3 studies4,617247not evaluable ROB-
Major congenital malformations1.49 [0.99, 2.25]14%4 studies32,875271not evaluable ROB-
Atrial septal defect2.43 [0.93, 6.37]-1 study23not evaluable ROB-
Hydrocephaly5.60 [1.77, 17.71]0%2 studies75115not evaluable ROB10.67 [2.94; .]
Hypospadias1.31 [0.53, 3.23]0%2 studies5,16333not evaluable ROB-
Pulmonary valve stenosis1.63 [0.52, 5.13]-1 studynot evaluable ROB-
Tetralogy of Fallot1.91 [0.42, 8.73]-1 study16not evaluable ROB-
Ventricular septal defect2.00 [0.37, 10.90]-1 studynot evaluable ROB-
Ano-rectal atresia and stenosis5.60 [0.33, 93.96]-1 study22015not evaluable ROB-
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate1.90 [0.23, 15.95]-1 study1,36816not evaluable ROB-
Cleft palate1.90 [0.60, 6.06]-1 study51not evaluable ROB-
Club foot / Talipes equinovarus2.20 [0.50, 9.74]-1 study2,41917not evaluable ROB-
Coarctation of aorta12.00 [0.17, 824.43]-1 study4062not evaluable ROB-
Ear malformations3.51 [0.21, 58.78]-1 study35115not evaluable ROB-
Ebstein's anomaly81.50 [1.02, 6520.00]-1 study652not evaluable ROB162.50 [1.16; .]
Limb reduction defects (LRD)4.40 [0.59, 32.88]-1 study54516not evaluable ROB-
Neural Tube Defects4.30 [0.42, 43.94]-1 study1,2022not evaluable ROB-
Oesophageal atresia with or without tracheo-oesophageal fistula22.80 [5.18, 100.43]-1 study22917not evaluable ROB45.09 [9.83; .]
Polydactyly1.70 [0.21, 13.49]-1 study1,73016not evaluable ROB-
Spina bifida1.70 [0.38, 7.54]-1 study1,160not evaluable ROB-

Growth parameters and prematurity
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Small for gestational age (weight)1.14 [0.87, 1.48]12%5 studies8,384787not evaluable ROB-
Low birth weight (< 2500g)1.85 [1.11, 3.08]85%5 studies2,2641,162not evaluable ROB3.10 [1.46; .]
Preterm (< 37 weeks)2.04 [1.74, 2.40]0%5 studies5,4071,167not evaluable ROB3.50 [2.87; .]
Macrosomia (> 4000g)1.05 [0.80, 1.37]1%2 studies13,536388not evaluable ROB-
Extremely preterm (< 28 weeks)1.82 [0.64, 5.18]-1 study35382not evaluable ROB-
Very preterm (28 to 32 weeks)2.34 [1.40, 3.89]-1 study129382not evaluable ROB4.10 [2.16; .]

Maternal consequences
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Caesarean2.05 [1.73, 2.42]0%3 studies2,687482not evaluable ROB3.51 [2.86; .]
Preeclampsia0.44 [0.15, 1.28]0%2 studies179201not evaluable ROB-
Gestational diabetes0.75 [0.28, 2.05]-1 study152191not evaluable ROB-
Postpartum hemorrhage2.15 [1.36, 3.41]-1 study170382not evaluable ROB3.72 [2.05; .]

Neonatal disorders
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 5 min)1.75 [1.25, 2.45]0%2 studies398392not evaluable ROB2.90 [1.81; .]
Low Apgar score (< 7) (NOS)1.02 [0.67, 1.56]-1 study24not evaluable ROB-
Neonatal death (< 28 days of life)1.94 [0.68, 5.56]-1 study33382not evaluable ROB-

Long term consequences
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Neuroblastoma3.00 [1.34, 6.72]-1 studynot evaluable ROB5.45 [2.01; .]
Cancer (all kind) in children or adults1.16 [0.77, 1.74]-1 study2,78020,696not evaluable ROB-
Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors0.50 [0.08, 3.32]-1 study825not evaluable ROB-

Intrauterine deaths
Adverse outcome OR 95%CII2k No. casesNo. exposedpublication biasROBE-value
Early intrauterine deaths (< 22 weeks) / Spontaneous abortions0.88 [0.05, 15.98]74%2 studies215214not evaluable ROB-
Perinatal death0.70 [0.05, 9.72]27%2 studies333not evaluable ROB-
Late intrauterine deaths (> 22 weeks) / Stillbirths1.52 [0.69, 3.34]-1 study72382not evaluable ROB-
Therapeutic terminations of pregnancy4.35 [0.97, 19.41]-1 study15191not evaluable ROB-

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