Diuretics (versus unexposed) updated on 03-11-2025

Low birth weight (< 2500g)

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type  Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S17155
R71950
Vaclavik - Diuretics, 2024 Low birth weight during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) population based cohort retrospective unexposed, disease free Adjustment: No Indications Antihypertensive: All hypertensions, any indications or not specified 1.56 [0.99;2.44] -/21   -/66,393 - 21
ref
S17121
R71678
Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 Birth weight <2500 g during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Indications Antihypertensive: Only cardiac indications other than hypertension (long QT syndrome, structural heart disease, ...) 3.55 [2.80;4.49] C 112/382   561/5,357 673 382
ref
S13447
R51805
Su - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2013 Low birth weight (< 2,500 gm) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) population based cohort retrospective unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: No Indications Antihypertensive: Only chronic hypertension indication 1.75 [1.20;2.55] C
excluded (control group)
32/371   418/8,181 450 371
ref
S18078
R76127
Su - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Low birth weight (< 2,500 gm) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) population based cohort retrospective unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes Indications Antihypertensive: Only chronic hypertension indication 1.16 [0.75;1.80] 32/371   76/1,006 108 371
ref
S14087
R55434
Olesen_Denmark - Diuretics, 2001 Low birth weight (birth weight below 2500 g) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes Indications Antihypertensive: All hypertensions, any indications or not specified 1.70 [1.10;2.70] 10/315   720/46,998 730 315
ref
S14088
R55438
Olesen_Scotland - Diuretics, 2001 Low birth weight (birth weight below 2500 g) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes Indications Antihypertensive: All hypertensions, any indications or not specified 1.80 [0.70;5.10] 4/73   749/35,798 753 73
ref
Total 5 studies 1.85 [1.11;3.08] 2,264 1,162
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Vaclavik - Diuretics, 2024Vaclavik - Diuretics, 2024 1.56[0.99; 2.44]-2121%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: lowROB classification: criticalROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: unclear Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 3.55[2.80; 4.49]67338224%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: lowROB classification: unclearROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Su - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013Su - Diuretics, 2013 1 1.16[0.75; 1.80]10837121%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: lowROB classification: criticalROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Olesen_Denmark - Diuretics, 2001Olesen_Denmark - Diuretics, 2001 1.70[1.10; 2.70]73031521%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Olesen_Scotland - Diuretics, 2001Olesen_Scotland - Diuretics, 2001 1.80[0.70; 5.10]7537313%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: lowROB classification: criticalROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Total (5 studies) I2 = 85% 1.85[1.11; 3.08]2,2641,1620.510.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

1: Controls unexposed, sick;

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 1.85[1.11; 3.08]2,2641,16285%NAVaclavik - Diuretics, 2024 Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 Su - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Olesen_Denmark - Diuretics, 2001 Olesen_Scotland - Diuretics, 2001 5 case control studiescase control studies 0 Type of controls unexposed (disease free or unspecified)unexposed (disease free or unspecified) 1.64[1.21; 2.23]1,4834090%NAVaclavik - Diuretics, 2024 Olesen_Denmark - Diuretics, 2001 Olesen_Scotland - Diuretics, 2001 3 unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 2.06[0.69; 6.16]78175395%NAVan der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 Su - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 2 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 2.41[1.08; 5.38]67340390%NAVaclavik - Diuretics, 2024 Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 2   - Yes  - Yes 1.43[1.06; 1.93]1,5917590%NASu - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Olesen_Denmark - Diuretics, 2001 Olesen_Scotland - Diuretics, 2001 3 Indications Antihypertensive   - All hypertensions, any indications ...  - All hypertensions, any indications or not specified 1.64[1.21; 2.23]1,4834090%NAVaclavik - Diuretics, 2024 Olesen_Denmark - Diuretics, 2001 Olesen_Scotland - Diuretics, 2001 3   - Only cardiac indications other than ...  - Only cardiac indications other than hypertension (long QT syndrome, structural heart disease, ...) 3.55[2.80; 4.49]673382 -NAVan der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 1   - Only chronic hypertension indication  - Only chronic hypertension indication 1.16[0.75; 1.80]108371 -NASu - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 1 All studiesAll studies 1.85[1.11; 3.08]2,2641,16285%NAVaclavik - Diuretics, 2024 Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 Su - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Olesen_Denmark - Diuretics, 2001 Olesen_Scotland - Diuretics, 2001 50.510.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot
0.0-1.51.80.6080.000Vaclavik - Diuretics, 2024Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024Su - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013Olesen_Denmark - Diuretics, 2001Olesen_Scotland - Diuretics, 2001

Asymetry test p-value = 0.1722 (by Egger's regression)

slope=1.6042 (0.4619); intercept=-4.2097 (2.3577); t=1.7855; p=0.1722

p values plot
0.01.00.01.0

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 13447

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 1.69[1.33; 2.13]1,9337800%NAVaclavik - Diuretics, 2024 Su - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2013 Olesen_Denmark - Diuretics, 2001 Olesen_Scotland - Diuretics, 2001 4 unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls 2.06[0.69; 6.16]78175395%NAVan der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 Su - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 20.510.01.0