Diuretics (versus unexposed) updated on 03-11-2025

Preterm (< 37 weeks)

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S17155
R71949		 Vaclavik - Diuretics, 2024 Preterm delivery during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) population based cohort retrospective unexposed, disease free Adjustment: No Indications Antihypertensive: All hypertensions, any indications or not specified 1.81 [1.21;2.73] -/26   -/71,860 - 26
ref
S17121
R71673		 Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 Preterm birth during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Indications Antihypertensive: Only cardiac indications other than hypertension (long QT syndrome, structural heart disease, ...) 2.37 [1.88;2.99] C 111/382   789/5,357 900 382
ref
S13447
R51804		 Su - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2013 Preterm birth (< 37 completed weeks) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) population based cohort retrospective unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: No Indications Antihypertensive: Only chronic hypertension indication 2.15 [1.57;2.95] C
excluded (control group) 		48/371   529/8,181 577 371
ref
S18078
R76126		 Su - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Preterm birth (< 37 completed weeks) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) population based cohort retrospective unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes Indications Antihypertensive: Only chronic hypertension indication 1.73 [1.18;2.53] 48/371   84/1,006 132 371
ref
S14087
R55436		 Olesen_Denmark - Diuretics, 2001 Preterm birth (< 37 completed weeks of gestation) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes Indications Antihypertensive: All hypertensions, any indications or not specified 1.80 [1.20;2.70] 32/315   2,482/46,998 2,514 315
ref
S14088
R55440		 Olesen_Scotland - Diuretics, 2001 Preterm birth (< 37 completed weeks of gestation) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes Indications Antihypertensive: All hypertensions, any indications or not specified 1.90 [0.90;4.30] 7/73   1,854/35,798 1,861 73
ref
Total 5 studies 2.04 [1.74;2.40] 5,407 1,167
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Vaclavik - Diuretics, 2024Vaclavik - Diuretics, 2024 1.81[1.21; 2.73]-2615%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: unclear Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 2.37[1.88; 2.99]90038247%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: lowROB classification: unclearROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Su - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013Su - Diuretics, 2013 1 1.73[1.18; 2.53]13237118%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Olesen_Denmark - Diuretics, 2001Olesen_Denmark - Diuretics, 2001 1.80[1.20; 2.70]2,51431516%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Olesen_Scotland - Diuretics, 2001Olesen_Scotland - Diuretics, 2001 1.90[0.90; 4.30]1,861734%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: lowROB classification: criticalROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Total (5 studies) I2 = 0% 2.04[1.74; 2.40]5,4071,1670.55.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

1: Controls unexposed, sick;

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 2.04[1.74; 2.40]5,4071,1670%NAVaclavik - Diuretics, 2024 Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 Su - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Olesen_Denmark - Diuretics, 2001 Olesen_Scotland - Diuretics, 2001 5 case control studiescase control studies 0 Type of controls unexposed (disease free or unspecified)unexposed (disease free or unspecified) 1.82[1.39; 2.38]4,3754140%NAVaclavik - Diuretics, 2024 Olesen_Denmark - Diuretics, 2001 Olesen_Scotland - Diuretics, 2001 3 unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 2.10[1.56; 2.84]1,03275348%NAVan der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 Su - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 2 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 2.19[1.71; 2.79]90040822%NAVaclavik - Diuretics, 2024 Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 2   - Yes  - Yes 1.78[1.37; 2.31]4,5077590%NASu - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Olesen_Denmark - Diuretics, 2001 Olesen_Scotland - Diuretics, 2001 3 Indications Antihypertensive   - All hypertensions, any indications ...  - All hypertensions, any indications or not specified 1.82[1.39; 2.38]4,3754140%NAVaclavik - Diuretics, 2024 Olesen_Denmark - Diuretics, 2001 Olesen_Scotland - Diuretics, 2001 3   - Only cardiac indications other than ...  - Only cardiac indications other than hypertension (long QT syndrome, structural heart disease, ...) 2.37[1.88; 2.99]900382 -NAVan der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 1   - Only chronic hypertension indication  - Only chronic hypertension indication 1.73[1.18; 2.53]132371 -NASu - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 1 All studiesAll studies 2.04[1.74; 2.40]5,4071,1670%NAVaclavik - Diuretics, 2024 Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 Su - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Olesen_Denmark - Diuretics, 2001 Olesen_Scotland - Diuretics, 2001 50.55.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot
0.0-1.01.70.4790.000Vaclavik - Diuretics, 2024Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024Su - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013Olesen_Denmark - Diuretics, 2001Olesen_Scotland - Diuretics, 2001

Asymetry test p-value = 0.1736 (by Egger's regression)

slope=0.9923 (0.1669); intercept=-1.6241 (0.9137); t=1.7775; p=0.1736

p values plot
0.01.00.01.0

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 13447

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 1.95[1.59; 2.39]4,9527850%NAVaclavik - Diuretics, 2024 Su - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2013 Olesen_Denmark - Diuretics, 2001 Olesen_Scotland - Diuretics, 2001 4 unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls 2.10[1.56; 2.84]1,03275348%NAVan der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 Su - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 20.510.01.0

Umbrella review (other published meta-analyses)

Published MAControlPeriodTE95% CIn exposedkI2 Churchill (Postmaturity greater than 42 weeks)Churchill (Postmaturity greater than 42 weeks) 7.00[0.41; 120.16]NA-U,Sunexposed, sickAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT1 Churchill (Premature birth)Churchill (Premature birth) 0.67[0.32; 1.41]2%-U,Sunexposed, sickAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT2 Bellos - Furosemide (Preterm birth (Randomize ...Bellos - Furosemide (Preterm birth (Randomized controlled trial and Cohort studies)) 0.96[0.13; 6.94]NA-U,Sunexposed, sickAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT-9 Bellos - Furosemide (Preterm birth (Randomize ...Bellos - Furosemide (Preterm birth (Randomized controlled trial only)) 1.42[0.18; 10.88]NA-U,Sunexposed, sickAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT-9 metaPregmetaPreg 2.04[1.74; 2.40]0%1,167----Vaclavik - Diuretics, 2024 Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 Su - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Olesen_Denmark - Diuretics, 2001 Olesen_Scotland - Diuretics, 2001 50.510.01.0