Diuretics (versus unexposed) updated on 03-11-2025

Congenital heart defects

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S17121
R71681		 Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 Neonatal congenital heart disease (that corresponds to malformations according to the other publication) 1st trimester prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Indications Antihypertensive: Only cardiac indications other than hypertension (long QT syndrome, structural heart disease, ...) 1.17 [0.51;2.67] C 6/191   145/5,357 151 191
ref
S14254
R56045		 Fisher - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2017 Any Congenital Heart Defects early pregnancy case control unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: Yes Indications Antihypertensive: All hypertensions, any indications or not specified 2.06 [1.02;4.13]
excluded (control group) 		26/39   10,599/21,723 10,625 39
ref
S14256
R56055		 Fisher - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 Any Congenital Heart Defects early pregnancy case control unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes Indications Antihypertensive: All hypertensions, any indications or not specified 1.66 [0.81;3.42] 26/39   -/- - 39
ref
S17837
R75292		 Czeizel - Furosemide, 1999 Cardiovascular congenital abnormalities 1st trimester case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes Indications Antihypertensive: All hypertensions, any indications or not specified Matched 1.20 [0.30;5.30] 2/17   4,464/42,600 4,466 17
ref
Total 3 studies 1.40 [0.84;2.32] 4,617 247
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024Van der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 1.17[0.51; 2.67]15119138%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: lowROB classification: unclearROB missing: unclearROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Fisher - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017Fisher - Diuretics, 2017 1 1.66[0.81; 3.42]-3950%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: criticalROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Czeizel - Furosemide, 1999Czeizel - Furosemide, 1999 1.20[0.30; 5.30]4,4661713%ROB confusion: unclearROB selection: criticalROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Total (3 studies) I2 = 0% 1.40[0.84; 2.32]4,6172470.55.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

1: Controls unexposed, sick;

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 1.17[0.51; 2.67]151191 -NAVan der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 1 case control studiescase control studies 1.56[0.82; 2.96]4,466560%NAFisher - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 Czeizel - Furosemide, 1999 2 Type of controls unexposed (disease free or unspecified)unexposed (disease free or unspecified) 1.20[0.29; 5.04]4,46617 -NACzeizel - Furosemide, 1999 1 unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 1.43[0.83; 2.46]1512300%NAVan der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 Fisher - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 2 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 1.17[0.51; 2.67]151191 -NAVan der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 1   - Yes  - Yes 1.56[0.82; 2.96]4,466560%NAFisher - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 Czeizel - Furosemide, 1999 2 Indications Antihypertensive   - All hypertensions, any indications ...  - All hypertensions, any indications or not specified 1.56[0.82; 2.96]4,466560%NAFisher - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 Czeizel - Furosemide, 1999 2   - Only cardiac indications other than ...  - Only cardiac indications other than hypertension (long QT syndrome, structural heart disease, ...) 1.17[0.51; 2.67]151191 -NAVan der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 1 MatchedMatched 1.20[0.29; 5.04]4,46617 -NACzeizel - Furosemide, 1999 1 All studiesAll studies 1.40[0.84; 2.32]4,6172470%NAVan der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 Fisher - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 Czeizel - Furosemide, 1999 30.55.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 14254

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 1.86[0.99; 3.48]15,091560%NAFisher - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2017 Czeizel - Furosemide, 1999 2 unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls 1.43[0.83; 2.46]1512300%NAVan der Zande - Diuretics, 2024 Fisher - Diuretics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 20.510.01.0