Study | Country Study period |
Population source | Exposure definition | Non-exposure definition | Sample size | Rmk |
---|
Study | Country Study period |
Case | Control | Sample size | Rmk |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carter, 2008 |
USA 1997 - 2003 |
Cases with selected birth defects (included live births, stillbirths 20 weeks or longer or greater than 500 g, or elective terminations). | Live births without birth defects that were randomly selected from birth certificates or birth hospitals in the geographic regions monitored by the state surveillance systems. | 12274 / 4774 | |
Czeizel, 2003 |
Hungary 1980 - 1996 |
Newborn infants (liveborn infants, stillborn and electively terminated fetuses) with congenital abnormalities. Minor anomalies were excluded. | Newborn infants without congenital abnormalities. | 22843 / 38151 |