Chlordiazepoxide - Medication and Pregnancy KB

Chlordiazepoxide

Exposed non-exposed studies (cohort)

Study	Country Study period	Population source	Exposure definition	Non-exposure definition	Sample size	Rmk
Hartz, 1975	USA 1958 - 1966	Pregnancies and their outcomes seen in one of the 12 university-affiliated hospitals.	Children exposed in utero to Chlordiazepoxide.	unexposed (general population or NOS) Children not exposed in utero to Chlordiazepoxide or Meprobamate.	740 / 48412	Overall mortality cannot be reported because the total number of exposed pregnancies considered for this outcome was not clearly provided; and Neurodevelopmental data cannot reported because only means were provided.
Meng a (Controls unexposed, sibling), 2023	Taiwan 2004 - 2018	All singleton pregnancies of females aged 15–50 years who gave birth during the study period.	Sibling with at least one Chlordiazepoxide prescription received by the mother during early pregnancy (the first 20 weeks of pregnancy).	sibling Discordant matched sibling without benzodiazepine or Z-hypnotic prescriptions from 30 days before the date of the estimated last menstrual period to the end of the 20th week of pregnancy.	-9 / -9	Number of exposures not provided (authors provided number of Exposure discordant pairs and number of Case discordant pairs).
Meng a (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023	Taiwan 2004 - 2018	All singleton pregnancies of females aged 15–50 years who gave birth during the study period.	At least one Chlordiazepoxide prescription received by a mother during early pregnancy (the first 20 weeks of pregnancy).	unexposed, sick Pregnant women with no benzodiazepine or Z-hypnotic prescriptions from 30 days before the date of the estimated last menstrual period to the end of the 20th week of pregnancy.	943 / 2753670	Use of results obtained with PS-FSW because more exposures, with a sick control group and sensitivity analyses (sibling control study, and paternal negative control design) that obtained similar results.
Milkovich, 1974	USA 1959 - 1966	Liveborn infants of women with minor psychoneurotic compliants who reported for prenatal care at the East San Francisco Bay Area facilites of the Kaiser program.	Liveborn infants of women who received prescriptions of Chlordiazepoxide, for anxiety, during pregnancy.	unexposed, sick Liveborn infants of women with no prescription of Chlordiazepoxide, for anxiety, during the first 42 days of pregnancy (and very few were given between the 43rd and the 84th days).	175 / 509
Noh, 2022	South Korea 2011 - 2018	All pregnancies in women aged 20 to 45 years at delivery resulting in live births from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2018, in South Korea.	Pregnant women who filled at least Chlordiazepoxide prescription during the first trimester (first 90 days of pregnancy).	unexposed, sick Pregnant women who were not prescribed any benzodiazepine from 3 months before the last menstrual period to the end of the first trimester (with similar psychiatric conditions after propensity score).	381 / 3053381	Propensity scored adjusted for indications and led to an unexposed cohort with similar psychiatric conditions => considered as unexposed, sick control groups.

Case-control studies (cohort)

Study	Country Study period	Case	Control	Sample size	Rmk
Bracken, 1981	USA 1974 - 1976	All newborns and stillborns with major congenital malformations, delivered at 5 major Connecticut hospitals and at 2 pediatric clinics or delivered elsewhere and referred to the 5 hospitals before 1 year of age.	Sampling of all apparently healthy live births in the 5 major Connecticut hospitals, randomly selected (subsequent ones from the delivery room log book).	1370 / 2968	This study assessed 2 different benzodiazepines. In order to avoid redundancy of controls, only 1 was reported in the meta-analysis of class, i.e the substance with the most exposed cases (i.e Diazepam).
Czeizel, 2004	Hungary 1980 - 1996	Newborn infants with isolated congenital abnormality (CA) and multiple CA. Exclusions of some mild congenital abnormalities and minor congenital abnormality (methods in Czeizel 1999).	Two newborn infants without congenital anomalies matched to every case according to sex, birth week in the year when the case was born, and district of parents’ residence from the National Birth Registry of the Central Statistical Office.	22865 / 38151	Czeizel 2004, Czeizel 2003 and Eros 2002 used the same dataset to assess several benzodiazepines. To avoid redundancy of cases and controls, only the study with the most exposed cases was reported in the meta-analysis of class.
Czeizel, 1987	Hungary 1970 - 1976	Infants born with facial clefting born during the study period.	Infants born witout facial clefting born during the study period.	1201 / 1201	Use of Retrospective case control study. This study assessed 3 different benzodiazepines. In order to avoid redundancy of controls, only 1 was reported in the meta-analysis of class, i.e the substance with the most exposed cases (i.e Diazepam).
Kullander, 1976	Sweden 1963 - 1965	Infants with different kinds of malformations.	Infants without malformations.	751 / 5002
Rothman, 1979	USA 1973 - 1975	All infants with congenital heart disease born to Massachusetts women.	Births selected randomly from the roster of all Massachusetts births.	390 / 1254	The authors provided a 90% confidence interval, without adjustment => here a 95% confidence interval was calculated to be homogeneous with other studies.
Sheehy, 2019	Canada 1998 - 2015	Pregnancies ending with spontaneous abortion (pregnancy loss between between the beginning of the sixth week of gestation and the 19th completed week of gestation, excluding planned or induced abortions).	Pregnancies ending with live births (5 for each case) randomly selected at the index date and matched with the case pregnancy by gestational age and calendar year.	27149 / 134305

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