Clonazepam (Epilepsy)

Table   Graphic  
individual studies
OutcomeTE95% CIn casesn exposedkPub. bias Congenital malformations All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified) Robert (Epilepsy), 1986 D'Souza (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Canger (Epilepsy), 1999 Samrén (Epilepsy), 1999 Hvas (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2000 Kaaja (Epilepsy), 2003 Endo (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2004 Morrow (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2006 Bànhidy (Epilepsy), 2011 Veiby (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Thomas (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Battino (Epilepsy), 2024 Vajda (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 131.68[0.72; 3.89]297176probable Major congenital malformations Robert (Epilepsy), 1986 Samrén (Epilepsy), 1999 Canger (Epilepsy), 1999 Hvas (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2000 Kaaja (Epilepsy), 2003 Morrow (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2006 Bànhidy (Epilepsy), 2011 Veiby (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Thomas (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Battino (Epilepsy), 2024 Vajda (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024 111.73[0.72; 4.15]292174critical Congenital heart defects D'Souza (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Morrow (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2006 Bànhidy (Epilepsy), 2011 Thomas (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 44.78[0.85; 26.91]1915not evaluable Hypospadias D'Souza (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Morrow (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2006 Bànhidy (Epilepsy), 2011 35.67[0.66; 48.73]911not evaluable Digestive system anomalies Morrow (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2006 Thomas (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 217.65[1.85; 168.66]413not evaluable Limb defects Morrow (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2006 Thomas (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 217.03[1.82; 159.26]413not evaluable Microcephaly / Small head circumference for gestational age Díaz-Romero (Epilepsy), 1999 Christensen (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, general population), 2024 21.23[0.14; 10.66]708340not evaluable Polydactyly D'Souza (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Bànhidy (Epilepsy), 2011 26.80[0.29; 160.01]22not evaluable Craniosynostosis D'Souza (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 115.00[0.12; 1923.88]-1not evaluable Down syndrom / Trisomy 21 D'Souza (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 115.00[0.12; 1923.88]-1not evaluable Hip dislocation and/or dysplasia D'Souza (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 115.00[0.12; 1923.88]-1not evaluable Minor congenital malformations Robert (Epilepsy), 1986 Battino (Epilepsy), 1992 26.10[0.45; 82.29]57not evaluable Nervous system anomalies Thomas (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 197.00[1.67; 5617.77]-4not evaluable Neural Tube Defects Morrow (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2006 Bànhidy (Epilepsy), 2011 215.19[1.13; 204.41]210not evaluable Urinary malformations Thomas (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 17.33[0.34; 156.83]64not evaluable Oro-facial clefts Morrow (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2006 125.31[0.96; 666.98]19not evaluable Growth parameters and prematurity Preterm (< 37 weeks) Endo (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2004 Artama (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 21.71[0.24; 12.03]8615not evaluable Small for gestational age (weight) Endo (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2004 Christensen (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, general population), 2024 21.40[1.03; 1.89]2,473340not evaluable Large for gestational age (weight) Artama (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 10.89[0.05; 15.15]7114not evaluable Low birth weight (< 2500g) Christensen (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, general population), 2024 11.29[0.85; 1.95]1,033339not evaluable Large head circumference for gestational age Díaz-Romero (Epilepsy), 1999 115.00[0.12; 1923.88]-1not evaluable Macrosomia (> 4000g) Endo (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2004 11.00[0.00; 255.63]-1not evaluable Maternal consequences Caesarean Endo (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2004 Artama (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 2----- Assisted deliveries (forceps, vacuum, ...) Endo (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2004 11.00[0.00; 255.63]-1not evaluable Polyhydramnios Endo (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2004 11.00[0.00; 255.63]-1not evaluable Maternal consequences (as a whole) Razaz (Epilepsy), 2024 10.91[0.48; 1.72]666321not evaluable Neonatal disorders Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 1 min) Endo (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2004 Artama (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 24.00[0.85; 18.71]7113not evaluable Neonatal medical care D'Souza (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Artama (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 24.08[1.09; 15.30]15513not evaluable Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 5 min) Artama (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 154.08[4.59; 637.79]45not evaluable Feeding difficulty D'Souza (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 115.00[0.12; 1923.88]-1not evaluable Jaundice / Icterus D'Souza (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 14.33[0.06; 320.42]11not evaluable Neonatal disorders (as a whole) D'Souza (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 12.20[0.03; 146.04]21not evaluable Neonatal hypotonia D'Souza (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 115.00[0.12; 1923.88]-1not evaluable Neonatal infections D'Souza (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 115.00[0.12; 1923.88]-1not evaluable Neonatal intracranial hemorrhage D'Souza (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 115.00[0.12; 1923.88]-1not evaluable Neonatal tachypnea D'Souza (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 115.00[0.12; 1923.88]-1not evaluable Long term consequences Child/Infant death (> 28 days of life) Artama (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 112.04[0.63; 228.65]514not evaluable Intrauterine deaths Perinatal death Canger (Epilepsy), 1999 Artama (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 25.61[0.54; 58.60]1020not evaluable Intrauterine deaths (as a whole or unspecified) Vajda a (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed sick), 2024 110.24[0.20; 535.58]-15not evaluable Neuro-developmental disorders Neuro-developmental disorders (as a whole) Bjørk (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2022 11.00[0.75; 1.34]458318not evaluable ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder): Diagnosis Dreier (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023 11.15[0.73; 1.81]550339not evaluable ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder): Diagnosis/Risk Dreier (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023 11.15[0.73; 1.81]550339not evaluable ASD (Autism spectrum disorder): Diagnosis Dreier (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023 11.03[0.52; 2.04]333339not evaluable ASD (Autism spectrum disorder): Diagnosis/Risk Dreier (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023 11.03[0.52; 2.04]333339not evaluable Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (> 6 years old) Dreier (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023 10.55[0.20; 1.51]189339not evaluable Severe cognitive developmental delay (Mental retardation) (> 6 years old) Dreier (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023 10.55[0.20; 1.51]189339not evaluable0.0100.01.0

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