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Miconazole (local route only)
Overall results
Study description
Excluded studies
Table
Graphic
auto
during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)
1st trimester
2nd trimester
3rd trimester
2nd and/or 3rd trimester
throughout pregnancy
early pregnancy
days before delivery
late pregnancy
preconception-only
periconceptional
preconceptional for kinetic reason
at least 1st trimester
3 months (or more) before pregnancy or during pregnancy
1st and 2nd trimester
3 months or more before pregnancy or1st trimester
Whatever the period exposition
individual studies
Outcome
TE
95% CI
n cases
n exposed
k
Pub. bias
Congenital malformations
All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified)
Kazy, 2005 Rotem, 2018
2
1.27
[
1.03
; 1.58]
28,648
668
not evaluable
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate
Kazy, 2005 Rotem, 2018
2
2.43
[
0.91
; 6.47]
1,502
530
not evaluable
Congenital heart defects
Kazy, 2005 Rotem, 2018
2
1.11
[
0.73
; 1.69]
6,886
543
not evaluable
Major congenital malformations
Kazy, 2005 Rotem, 2018
2
1.27
[
1.03
; 1.58]
28,648
668
not evaluable
Ano-rectal atresia and stenosis
Kazy, 2005
1
8.80
[
0.92
; 84.25]
220
207
not evaluable
Cleft palate
Kazy, 2005
1
1.90
[
0.42
; 8.55]
582
207
not evaluable
Club foot / Talipes equinovarus
Kazy, 2005
1
0.90
[
0.42
; 1.91]
2,424
214
not evaluable
Digestive system anomalies
Rotem, 2018
1
2.05
[
0.51
; 8.29]
301
313
not evaluable
Ear malformations
Kazy, 2005
1
0.26
[
0.02
; 4.25]
354
203
not evaluable
Gastroschisis
Kazy, 2005
1
2.90
[
0.31
; 27.31]
238
207
not evaluable
Hydrocephaly
Kazy, 2005
1
1.60
[
0.09
; 27.94]
314
204
not evaluable
Hypospadias
Kazy, 2005
1
1.00
[
0.53
; 1.90]
3,038
222
not evaluable
Limb defects
Rotem, 2018
1
2.10
[
1.12
; 3.94]
1,437
313
not evaluable
Limb reduction defects (LRD)
Kazy, 2005
1
0.40
[
0.09
; 1.88]
548
205
not evaluable
Nervous system anomalies
Rotem, 2018
1
1.10
[
0.35
; 3.45]
792
313
not evaluable
Neural Tube Defects
Kazy, 2005
1
1.20
[
0.48
; 2.99]
1,202
212
not evaluable
Oesophageal atresia with or without tracheo-oesophageal fistula
Kazy, 2005
1
1.90
[
0.30
; 12.22]
217
206
not evaluable
Polydactyly
Kazy, 2005
1
6.00
[
2.38
; 15.10]
1,744
224
not evaluable
Intrauterine deaths
Early intrauterine death (< 22 weeks)
Daniel, 2018
1
1.34
[
0.99
; 1.81]
6,367
633
not evaluable
0.0
100.0
1.0