Metronidazole (all routes except local only)

Table   Graphic  
individual studies
OutcomeTE95% CIn casesn exposedkPub. bias Congenital malformations All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified) Heinonen (Controls unexposed, NOS), 1977 Rosa, 1987 Piper, 1993 Caro-Paton, 1997 Czeizel, 1998 Sorensen, 1999 Diav-Citrin, 2001 Koss, 2012 Muanda a (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017 91.10[0.97; 1.26]61,3913,716not evaluable Major congenital malformations Heinonen (Controls unexposed, NOS), 1977 Piper, 1993 Czeizel, 1998 Diav-Citrin, 2001 Koss, 2012 Muanda a (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017 61.15[0.98; 1.34]32,0832,509not evaluable Congenital heart defects Piper, 1993 Czeizel, 1998 Muanda a (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017 30.92[0.63; 1.34]5,6531,907not evaluable Cleft palate Czeizel, 1998 Muanda a (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017 20.49[0.10; 2.52]672575not evaluable Limb defects Piper, 1993 Muanda a (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017 20.98[0.68; 1.40]4,9351,730not evaluable Nervous system anomalies Piper, 1993 Muanda a (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017 20.66[0.34; 1.25]7601,730not evaluable Respiratory system anomalies Piper, 1993 Muanda a (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017 21.07[0.32; 3.64]5711,730not evaluable Cardiac septal defects Muanda a (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017 11.18[0.58; 2.40]1,876412not evaluable Club foot / Talipes equinovarus Czeizel, 1998 Werler, 2014 21.26[0.68; 2.30]2,459184not evaluable Craniosynostosis Muanda a (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017 11.37[0.43; 4.37]636412not evaluable Digestive system anomalies Muanda a (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017 11.13[0.46; 2.76]1,104412not evaluable Eye, ear, face and neck malformations Muanda a (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017 10.88[0.22; 3.49]737412not evaluable Genital anomalies Muanda a (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017 10.54[0.13; 2.21]1,152412not evaluable Urinary malformations Muanda a (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017 11.53[0.63; 3.71]942412not evaluable Ano-rectal atresia and stenosis Czeizel, 1998 13.35[1.05; 10.66]160165not evaluable Chromosomal abnormalities Piper, 1993 10.20[0.01; 4.17]21,318not evaluable Cleft lip with or without cleft palate Czeizel, 1998 11.67[0.85; 3.29]1,007171not evaluable Diaphragmatic hernia Czeizel, 1998 11.77[0.44; 7.16]211164not evaluable Ear malformations Czeizel, 1998 10.35[0.02; 5.68]267162not evaluable Gastroschisis Czeizel, 1998 11.02[0.14; 7.40]193163not evaluable Hydrocephaly Czeizel, 1998 13.48[1.41; 8.57]278167not evaluable Hypospadias Czeizel, 1998 11.04[0.58; 1.87]2,217174not evaluable Limb reduction defects (LRD) Czeizel, 1998 10.85[0.21; 3.45]424164not evaluable Microcephaly / Small head circumference for gestational age Abdel-Salam (All routes), 2000 10.40[0.10; 1.55]10916not evaluable Minor congenital malformations 0----- Neural Tube Defects Medveczky, 2004 11.60[0.67; 3.82]1,20290not evaluable Polydactyly Czeizel, 1998 11.86[1.03; 3.36]1,266174not evaluable Growth parameters and prematurity Preterm (< 37 weeks) Sorensen, 1999 Diav-Citrin, 2001 Jeffcoat, 2003 Santos, 2012 Koss, 2012 51.32[0.86; 2.03]1,1951,398not evaluable Low birth weight (< 2500g) Koss, 2012 10.96[0.69; 1.34]262921not evaluable Small for gestational age (weight) Santos, 2011 10.98[0.72; 1.34]8,192323not evaluable Very low birth weight (< 1500g) Piper, 1993 11.15[0.69; 1.92]601,318not evaluable Neonatal disorders Neonatal antibiotic resistance Wright, 2012 12.90[0.11; 74.14]322not evaluable Long term consequences Leukemia Ross, 2003 Pombo-de-Oliveira, 2006 21.39[0.85; 2.27]44590not evaluable Cancer (all kind) in children or adults Thapa, 1998 10.81[0.41; 1.60]175-not evaluable Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors Thapa, 1998 11.23[0.29; 5.21]30-not evaluable Neuroblastoma Thapa, 1998 12.60[0.89; 7.59]28-not evaluable Intrauterine deaths Early intrauterine death (< 22 weeks) Diav-Citrin, 2001 Muanda b (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017 21.47[0.98; 2.21]8,762248not evaluable Late intrauterine deaths (> 22 weeks) Piper, 1993 Diav-Citrin, 2001 20.54[0.18; 1.68]131,526not evaluable Ectopic pregnancy 0----- Elective/induced termination of pregnancy Diav-Citrin, 2001 13.41[1.86; 6.25]45228not evaluable Neuro-developmental disorders Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (> 6 years old) Mann, 2009 11.07[0.79; 1.44]--not evaluable Severe cognitive developmental delay (Mental retardation) (> 6 years old) Mann, 2009 10.72[0.35; 1.47]--not evaluable0.0100.01.0

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