Serotonin and Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRI)

Study Reference
Anderson - SNRI, 2020

Anderson Maternal Use of Specific Antidepressant Medications During Early Pregnancy and the Risk of Selected Birth Defects. JAMA Psychiatry 2020; 77(12):1246-1255.

Nembhard Maternal and infant genetic variants, maternal periconceptional use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and risk of congenital heart defects in offspring: population based study. BMJ 2017; 356:j832

Ankarfeldt - Duloxetine (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2023

Ankarfeldt Duloxetine Exposure During Pregnancy?and the Risk of Offspring Being Born Small for Gestational Age or Prematurely: A Nationwide Danish and Swedish Safety Study. Drugs Real World Outcomes 2023; 10:69-81

Ankarfeldt - Duloxetine (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023

Ankarfeldt Duloxetine Exposure During Pregnancy?and the Risk of Offspring Being Born Small for Gestational Age or Prematurely: A Nationwide Danish and Swedish Safety Study. Drugs Real World Outcomes 2023; 10:69-81

Ankarfeldt a - Duloxetine (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2021

Ankarfeldt Exposure to duloxetine during pregnancy and risk of congenital malformations and stillbirth: A nationwide cohort study in Denmark and Sweden. PLoS Med 2021; 18:e1003851

Ankarfeldt a - Duloxetine (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021

Ankarfeldt Exposure to duloxetine during pregnancy and risk of congenital malformations and stillbirth: A nationwide cohort study in Denmark and Sweden. PLoS Med 2021; 18:e1003851

Ankarfeldt b - Duloxetine (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2021

Ankarfeldt Duloxetine Exposure During Pregnancy and the Risk of Spontaneous and Elective Abortion: A Danish Nationwide Observational Study. Drugs Real World Outcomes 2021; 8:289-299

Ankarfeldt b - Duloxetine (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021

Ankarfeldt Duloxetine Exposure During Pregnancy and the Risk of Spontaneous and Elective Abortion: A Danish Nationwide Observational Study. Drugs Real World Outcomes 2021; 8:289-299

Avalos - SNRI (Controls exposed to TCA), 2015

Avalos Antidepressant medication use, depression, and the risk of preeclampsia. CNS Spectr 2015; 20:39-47

Avalos - SNRI (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2015

Avalos Antidepressant medication use, depression, and the risk of preeclampsia. CNS Spectr 2015; 20:39-47

Avalos - SNRI (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015

Avalos Antidepressant medication use, depression, and the risk of preeclampsia. CNS Spectr 2015; 20:39-47

Bahat - Duloxetine, 2020

Bahat, M. Pregnancy outcome after first trimester exposure to Duloxetine Reprod. Toxicol. 2020; 97:3-.

Benevent - SNRI, 2023

Araujo Risque d'hypertension gestationnelle chez les femmes traitées par antidépresseurs IRSNA pendant leur grossesse. Etude dans EFEMERIS. Scientific Report 2022:1-37

Benevent Risk of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy in Women Treated With Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors: A Comparative Study Using the EFEMERIS Database. J Clin Psychiatry 2023; 84:

Bérard a - Venlafaxine, 2017

Bérard SSRI and SNRI use during pregnancy and the risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 83:1126-1133

Bérard b - SNRI=Venlafaxine (Controls exposed to TCA), 2017

Bérard Antidepressant use during pregnancy and the risk of major congenital malformations in a cohort of depressed pregnant women: an updated analysis of the Quebec Pregnancy Cohort. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e013372

Ramos Duration of antidepressant use during pregnancy and risk of major congenital malformations. Br J Psychiatry 2008; 192:344-50

Bérard b - SNRI=Venlafaxine (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017

Bérard Antidepressant use during pregnancy and the risk of major congenital malformations in a cohort of depressed pregnant women: an updated analysis of the Quebec Pregnancy Cohort. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e013372

Ramos Duration of antidepressant use during pregnancy and risk of major congenital malformations. Br J Psychiatry 2008; 192:344-50

Bernard - SNRI, 2019

Bernard Use of antidepressants and anxiolytics in early pregnancy and the risk of preeclampsia and gestational hypertension: a prospective study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2019; 19:146

Boukhris - SNRI (Controls exposed to TCA), 2016

Boukhris T Antidepressant Use During Pregnancy and the Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children. JAMA Pediatr 2016;170:117-24

Boukhris - SNRI (Controls exposed to TCA) , 2017

Boukhris Antidepressant Use in Pregnancy and the Risk of Attention Deficit with or without Hyperactivity Disorder in Children. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2017; 31:363-373

Boukhris - SNRI (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2016

Bérard Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and autism: additional data on the Quebec Pregnancy/Birth Cohort. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 215:803-805

Boukhris T Antidepressant Use During Pregnancy and the Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children. JAMA Pediatr 2016;170:117-24

Boukhris - SNRI (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017

Boukhris Antidepressant Use in Pregnancy and the Risk of Attention Deficit with or without Hyperactivity Disorder in Children. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2017; 31:363-373

Calderon-Margalit - Venlafaxine, 2009

Calderon-Margalit Risk of preterm delivery and other adverse perinatal outcomes in relation to maternal use of psychotropic medications during pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2009; 201:579.e1-8

Chan (Controls unexposed, sick), 2024

Chan Prenatal antidepressant use and risk of congenital malformations: A population-based cohort study. Psychiatry Res 2024; 339:116038

Chan - SNRI (Controls exposed to TCA), 2024

Chan Prenatal antidepressant use and risk of congenital malformations: A population-based cohort study. Psychiatry Res 2024; 339:116038

Chan - SNRI (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2024

Chan Prenatal antidepressant use and risk of congenital malformations: A population-based cohort study. Psychiatry Res 2024; 339:116038

Chen - SNRI, 2021

Chen Association between the use of antidepressants and the risk of preterm birth among pregnant women with depression: a retrospective cohort study in Taiwan. J Investig Med 2021; 69:999-1007

Dandjinou - SNRI, 2019

Dandjinou Antidepressant use during pregnancy and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a nested case-control study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e025908

De Ocampo - SNRI, 2016

De Ocampo Risk of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia in women who discontinued or continued antidepressant medication use during pregnancy. Arch Womens Ment Health 2016; 19:1051-1061

De Vera - SNRI, 2012

De Vera Antidepressant use during pregnancy and the risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 74:362-9

Einarson - Venlafaxine, 2009

Einarson A Incidence of major malformations in infants following antidepressant exposure in pregnancy: results of a large prospective cohort study. Can J Psychiatry 2009;54:242-6

Einarson - Venlafaxine, 2001

Einarson Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to venlafaxine: a multicenter prospective controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158:1728-30

Frayne - SNRI, 2021

Frayne The association between mental illness, psychotropic medication use and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy: A multicentre study. Pregnancy Hypertens 2021; 24:22-26

Furu - Venlafaxine, 2015

Furu Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and venlafaxine in early pregnancy and risk of birth defects: population based cohort study and sibling design. BMJ 2015; 350:h1798

Kallen The use of central nervous system active drugs during pregnancy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:1221-86

Hagberg - SNRI (Controls exposed to TCA), 2018

Hagberg Maternal depression and antidepressant use during pregnancy and the risk of autism spectrum disorder in offspring. Clin Epidemiol 2018; 10:1599-1612

Hagberg - SNRI (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2018

Hagberg Maternal depression and antidepressant use during pregnancy and the risk of autism spectrum disorder in offspring. Clin Epidemiol 2018; 10:1599-1612

Hagberg - SNRI (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018

Hagberg Maternal depression and antidepressant use during pregnancy and the risk of autism spectrum disorder in offspring. Clin Epidemiol 2018; 10:1599-1612

Hanley - SNRI, 2016

Hanley Postpartum Hemorrhage and Use of Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Antidepressants in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2016; 127:553-561

Heuvelman - Venlafaxine, 2023

Heuvelman Antidepressants in pregnancy: applying causal epidemiological methods to understand service-use outcomes in women and long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in exposed children. Health Technol Assess 2023; 27:1-83

Huybrechts - Duloxetine (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2020

Huybrechts Maternal and fetal outcomes following exposure to duloxetine in pregnancy: cohort study. BMJ 2020; 368:m237

Huybrechts - Duloxetine (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020

Huybrechts Maternal and fetal outcomes following exposure to duloxetine in pregnancy: cohort study. BMJ 2020; 368:m237

Huybrechts - SNRI (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2014

Huybrechts KF Antidepressant use in pregnancy and the risk of cardiac defects. N Engl J Med 2014;370:2397-407

Huybrechts - SNRI (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014

Huybrechts KF Antidepressant use in pregnancy and the risk of cardiac defects. N Engl J Med 2014;370:2397-407

Jackson - SNRI, 2024

Jackson, F.I. Association between psychopharmacotherapy and postpartum hemorrhage AJOG Glob. Rep. 2024; 4:360-.

Kieler - Venlafaxine, 2015

Kieler Use of antidepressants and association with elective termination of pregnancy: population based case-control study. BJOG 2015; 122:1618-24

Kjaersgaard - Venlafaxine (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2013

Kjaersgaard Prenatal antidepressant exposure and risk of spontaneous abortion - a population-based study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72095

Kjaersgaard - Venlafaxine (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013

Kjaersgaard Prenatal antidepressant exposure and risk of spontaneous abortion - a population-based study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72095

Kolding - Venlafaxine (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2021

Kolding Antidepressant use in pregnancy and severe cardiac malformations: Danish register-based study. BJOG 2021; 128:1949-1957

Kolding - Venlafaxine (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021

Kolding Antidepressant use in pregnancy and severe cardiac malformations: Danish register-based study. BJOG 2021; 128:1949-1957

Laspro - Venlafaxine, 2024

Laspro Association of Commonly Prescribed Antepartum Medications and Incidence of Orofacial Clefting. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2024; :10556656241237679

Laugesen - SNRI, 2013

Laugesen In utero exposure to antidepressant drugs and risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a nationwide Danish cohort study. BMJ Open 2013; 3:e003507

Lee (Controls exposed to TCAs), 2025

Lee Antidepressant use during pregnancy and risk of obstetrics and neonatal outcomes: A propensity score-weighted population-based cohort study in 2003-2018. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2025; 96:36-45

Lee (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025

Lee Antidepressant use during pregnancy and risk of obstetrics and neonatal outcomes: A propensity score-weighted population-based cohort study in 2003-2018. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2025; 96:36-45

Lupattelli - SNRI (Controls exposed to TCA), 2017

Lupattelli Risk of preeclampsia after gestational exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and other antidepressants: A study from The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2017; 26:1266-1276

Lupattelli - SNRI (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017

Lupattelli Risk of preeclampsia after gestational exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and other antidepressants: A study from The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2017; 26:1266-1276

Marks - Duloxetine (Controls exposed to Bupropion), 2021

Marks Comparing newborn outcomes after prenatal exposure to individual antidepressants: A retrospective cohort study. Pharmacotherapy 2021; 41:907-914

Marks - Duloxetine (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021

Marks Comparing newborn outcomes after prenatal exposure to individual antidepressants: A retrospective cohort study. Pharmacotherapy 2021; 41:907-914

Martin - Venlafaxine, 2024

Martin Antidepressant use during pregnancy and birth outcomes: analysis of electronic health data from the UK, Norway, and Sweden. medRxiv 2024; :

Nakhai-Pour - Venlafaxine, 2010

Nakhai-Pour Use of antidepressants during pregnancy and the risk of spontaneous abortion. CMAJ 2010; 182:1031-7

Nulman - Venlafaxine (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2012

Nulman Neurodevelopment of children following prenatal exposure to venlafaxine, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or untreated maternal depression. Am J Psychiatry 2012; 169:1165-74

Nulman - Venlafaxine (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012

Nulman Neurodevelopment of children following prenatal exposure to venlafaxine, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or untreated maternal depression. Am J Psychiatry 2012; 169:1165-74

Oberlander - Venlafaxine, 2008

Oberlander TF Major congenital malformations following prenatal exposure to serotonin reuptake inhibitors and benzodiazepines using population-based health data. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 2008;83:68-76

Ozturk - Venlafaxine, 2016

Ozturk, Z. Safety of psychotropic medications in pregnancy: An observational cohort study Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bulteni 2016; 26:229-.

Palmsten - SNRI (Controls exposed to TCA), 2012

Palmsten Elevated risk of preeclampsia in pregnant women with depression: depression or antidepressants? Am. J. Epidemiol. 2012; 175:988-97

Palmsten - SNRI (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012

Palmsten Elevated risk of preeclampsia in pregnant women with depression: depression or antidepressants? Am. J. Epidemiol. 2012; 175:988-97

Palmsten a - SNRI (control exposed to TCA), 2013

Palmsten Antidepressant use and risk for preeclampsia. Epidemiology 2013; 24:682-91

Palmsten a - SNRI (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013

Palmsten Antidepressant use and risk for preeclampsia. Epidemiology 2013; 24:682-91

Palmsten b - SNRI, 2013

Palmsten Use of antidepressants near delivery and risk of postpartum hemorrhage: cohort study of low income women in the United States. BMJ 2013; 347:f4877

Rai - Venlafaxine (Controls exposed to TCA), 2017

Rai Antidepressants during pregnancy and autism in offspring: population based cohort study. BMJ 2017; 358:j2811

Rai Parental depression, maternal antidepressant use during pregnancy, and risk of autism spectrum disorders: population based case-control study. BMJ 2013; 346:f2059

Rai - Venlafaxine (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2017

Rai Antidepressants during pregnancy and autism in offspring: population based cohort study. BMJ 2017; 358:j2811

Rai Parental depression, maternal antidepressant use during pregnancy, and risk of autism spectrum disorders: population based case-control study. BMJ 2013; 346:f2059

Rai - Venlafaxine (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017

Rai Antidepressants during pregnancy and autism in offspring: population based cohort study. BMJ 2017; 358:j2811

Rai Parental depression, maternal antidepressant use during pregnancy, and risk of autism spectrum disorders: population based case-control study. BMJ 2013; 346:f2059

Rampono - SNRI=Venlafaxine, 2009

Rampono Placental transfer of SSRI and SNRI antidepressants and effects on the neonate. Pharmacopsychiatry 2009; 42:95-100

Reis - SNRI (Controls exposed to TCA), 2010

Källen Neonatal complications after maternal concomitant use of SSRI and other central nervous system active drugs during the second or third trimester of pregnancy. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2012; 32:608-14

Källén Maternal drug use in early pregnancy and infant cardiovascular defect Reproductive Toxicology 2003; 17:255-.

Reis Delivery outcome after maternal use of antidepressant drugs in pregnancy: an update using Swedish data. Psychol Med 2010; 40:1723-33

Reis - SNRI (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2010

Källen Neonatal complications after maternal concomitant use of SSRI and other central nervous system active drugs during the second or third trimester of pregnancy. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2012; 32:608-14

Källén Maternal drug use in early pregnancy and infant cardiovascular defect Reproductive Toxicology 2003; 17:255-.

Reis Delivery outcome after maternal use of antidepressant drugs in pregnancy: an update using Swedish data. Psychol Med 2010; 40:1723-33

Richardson - Venlafaxine, 2019

Richardson Pregnancy outcomes following maternal venlafaxine use: A prospective observational comparative cohort study. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 84:108-113

Robinson-Wolrath - SNRI, 2016

Robinson-Wolrath, S. SSRI and SNRI use during pregnancy is associated with both obstetric and neonatal complications BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2016; 123:168-.

Suarez - SNRI (Controls unexposed, discontinuers), 2022

Suarez Association of Antidepressant Use During Pregnancy With Risk of Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children. JAMA Intern Med 2022; 182:1149-60

Suarez - SNRI (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2022

Suarez Association of Antidepressant Use During Pregnancy With Risk of Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children. JAMA Intern Med 2022; 182:1149-60

Sørensen - SNRI (Controls exposed to TCA), 2013

Gidaya In utero exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk for autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2014; 44:2558-67

Hviid Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy and risk of autism. N Engl J Med 2013; 369:2406-15

Sorensen MJ Antidepressant exposure in pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorders. Clin Epidemiol 2013;5:449-59

Sørensen - SNRI (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2013

Gidaya In utero exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk for autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2014; 44:2558-67

Hviid Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy and risk of autism. N Engl J Med 2013; 369:2406-15

Sorensen MJ Antidepressant exposure in pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorders. Clin Epidemiol 2013;5:449-59

Te Winkel - Venlafaxine, 2016

Te Winkel, B. Venlafaxine exposure in pregnancy, a multicenter ENTIS study Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. 2016; 25:325-.

Tran - SNRI (Controls exposed to TCA), 2022

Tran Antidepressant use during pregnancy and development of preeclampsia: A focus on classes of action and specific transporters/receptors targeted by antidepressants. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 146:92-101

Tran - SNRI (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2022

Tran Antidepressant use during pregnancy and development of preeclampsia: A focus on classes of action and specific transporters/receptors targeted by antidepressants. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 146:92-101

Wall-Wieler - SNRI, 2020

Wall-Wieler Antidepressant Use around Conception, Prepregnancy Depression, and Risk of Ectopic Pregnancy. Can J Psychiatry 2020; 65:845-853

Yang - SNRI, 2021

Yang Prenatal antidepressant use and the implication of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 225:672.e1-672.e11

Yaris - Venlafaxine, 2005

Yaris Psychotropic drugs in pregnancy: a case-control study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2005; 29:333-8

Yeh - SNRI, 2021

Yeh Bipolar women's antepartum psychotropic exposure and offspring risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. J Affect Disord 2021; 295:1407-1414