Paroxetine

Study Reference
Alwan, 2007

Alwan Use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med 2007; 356:2684-92

Ames, 2021

Ames Maternal Psychiatric Conditions, Treatment With Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90:253-262

Andersen, 2014

Andersen Exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in early pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage. Obstet Gynecol 2014; 124:655-661

Kjaersgaard Prenatal antidepressant exposure and risk of spontaneous abortion - a population-based study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72095

Anderson, 2020

Alwan Use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med 2007; 356:2684-92

Anderson Maternal Use of Specific Antidepressant Medications During Early Pregnancy and the Risk of Selected Birth Defects. JAMA Psychiatry 2020; 77(12):1246-1255.

Lind Maternal medication and herbal use and risk for hypospadias: data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2007. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2013; 22:783-93

Nembhard Maternal and infant genetic variants, maternal periconceptional use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and risk of congenital heart defects in offspring: population based study. BMJ 2017; 356:j832

Werler Gastroschisis and Cumulative Stressor Exposures. Epidemiology 2018; 29:721-728

Bakker, 2010

Bakker MK First-trimester use of paroxetine and congenital heart defects: a population-based case-control study. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2010;88:94-100

Ban (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2014

Ban L Maternal depression, antidepressant prescriptions, and congenital anomaly risk in offspring: a population-based cohort study. BJOG 2014;121:1471-81

Ban (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014

Ban L Maternal depression, antidepressant prescriptions, and congenital anomaly risk in offspring: a population-based cohort study. BJOG 2014;121:1471-81

Bérard, 2017

Bérard Antidepressant use during pregnancy and the risk of major congenital malformations in a cohort of depressed pregnant women: an updated analysis of the Quebec Pregnancy Cohort. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e013372

Ramos Duration of antidepressant use during pregnancy and risk of major congenital malformations. Br J Psychiatry 2008; 192:344-50

Bérard, 2016

Bérard Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and autism: additional data on the Quebec Pregnancy/Birth Cohort. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 215:803-805

Brown, 2017

Brown HK Association Between Serotonergic Antidepressant Use During Pregnancy and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children. JAMA 2017;317:1544-1552

Calderon-Margalit, 2009

Calderon-Margalit Risk of preterm delivery and other adverse perinatal outcomes in relation to maternal use of psychotropic medications during pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2009; 201:579.e1-8

Chambers, 2006

Chambers CD Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. N Engl J Med 2006;354:579-87

Chan (Controls exposed to TCA), 2024

Chan Prenatal antidepressant use and risk of congenital malformations: A population-based cohort study. Psychiatry Res 2024; 339:116038

Chan (Controls unexposed, pop general), 2024

Chan Prenatal antidepressant use and risk of congenital malformations: A population-based cohort study. Psychiatry Res 2024; 339:116038

Colvin, 2011

Colvin L Dispensing patterns and pregnancy outcomes for women dispensed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in pregnancy. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2011;91:142-52

Colvin, 2012

Colvin Early morbidity and mortality following in utero exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a population-based study in Western Australia. CNS Drugs 2012; 26:e1-14

Costei (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2002

Costei AM Perinatal outcome following third trimester exposure to paroxetine. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2002;156:1129-32

Costei (Controls unexposed, sick), 2002

Costei AM Perinatal outcome following third trimester exposure to paroxetine. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2002;156:1129-32

Dandjinou, 2019

Dandjinou Antidepressant use during pregnancy and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a nested case-control study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e025908

Davis, 2007

Davis Risks of congenital malformations and perinatal events among infants exposed to antidepressant medications during pregnancy. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2007; 16:1086-94

De Jonge, 2013

de Jonge Identifying associations between maternal medication use and birth defects using a case-population approach: an exploratory study on signal detection. Drug Saf 2013; 36:1069-78

De Vera, 2012

De Vera Antidepressant use during pregnancy and the risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 74:362-9

Diav-Citrin, 2008

Diav-Citrin O Paroxetine and fluoxetine in pregnancy: a prospective, multicentre, controlled, observational study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2008;66:695-705

Winterfeld Pregnancy outcome following maternal exposure to mirtazapine: a multicenter, prospective study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2015; 35:250-9

Dubnov-Raz, 2008

Dubnov-Raz Antenatal use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and QT interval prolongation in newborns. Pediatrics 2008; 122:e710-5

Einarson, 2008

Einarson A Evaluation of the risk of congenital cardiovascular defects associated with use of paroxetine during pregnancy. Am J Psychiatry 2008;165:749-52

Einarson, 2009

Einarson A Incidence of major malformations in infants following antidepressant exposure in pregnancy: results of a large prospective cohort study. Can J Psychiatry 2009;54:242-6

Furu, 2015

Furu K Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and venlafaxine in early pregnancy and risk of birth defects: population based cohort study and sibling design. BMJ 2015;350:h1798

Kornum JB Use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors during early pregnancy and risk of congenital malformations: updated analysis. Clin Epidemiol 2010;2:29-36

Heuvelman, 2023

Heuvelman Antidepressants in pregnancy: applying causal epidemiological methods to understand service-use outcomes in women and long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in exposed children. Health Technol Assess 2023; 27:1-83

Huybrechts (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2014

Huybrechts KF Antidepressant use in pregnancy and the risk of cardiac defects. N Engl J Med 2014;370:2397-407

Huybrechts (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014

Huybrechts KF Antidepressant use in pregnancy and the risk of cardiac defects. N Engl J Med 2014;370:2397-407

Jimenez-Solem (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2012

Jimenez-Solem E Exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the risk of congenital malformations: a nationwide cohort study. BMJ Open 2012;2:

Jimenez-Solem (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012

Jimenez-Solem E Exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the risk of congenital malformations: a nationwide cohort study. BMJ Open 2012;2:

Jordan, 2016

Jordan S Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) Antidepressants in Pregnancy and Congenital Anomalies: Analysis of Linked Databases in Wales, Norway and Funen, Denmark. PLoS One 2016;11:e0165122

Knudsen TM Increased risk of severe congenital heart defects in offspring exposed to selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in early pregnancy--an epidemiological study using validated EUROCAT data. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014;14:333

Kerr, 2018

Kerr Risk factors for congenital microcephaly in the pre-Zika era. Birth Defects Res 2019; 111:96-118

Kieler, 2012

Kieler H Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy and risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension in the newborn: population based cohort study from the five Nordic countries. BMJ 2012;344:d8012

Kitchin, 2022

Kitchin The role of prenatal exposure to antidepressants, anxiolytic, and hypnotics and its underlying illness on the risk of miscarriage using BIFAP database. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2022; :

Kivistö, 2016

Kivisto Maternal Use of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Lengthening of the Umbilical Cord: Indirect Evidence of Increased Foetal Activity-A Retrospective Cohort Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154628

Lee (Controls exposed to TCAs), 2025

Lee Antidepressant use during pregnancy and risk of obstetrics and neonatal outcomes: A propensity score-weighted population-based cohort study in 2003-2018. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2025; 96:36-45

Lee (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025

Lee Antidepressant use during pregnancy and risk of obstetrics and neonatal outcomes: A propensity score-weighted population-based cohort study in 2003-2018. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2025; 96:36-45

Levinson-Castiel, 2006

Levinson-Castiel Neonatal abstinence syndrome after in utero exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in term infants. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006; 160:173-6

Liu, 2017

Liu Antidepressant use during pregnancy and psychiatric disorders in offspring: Danish nationwide register based cohort study. BMJ 2017; 358:j3668

Louik, 2007

Louik First-trimester use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and the risk of birth defects. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007; 356:2675-83

Malm, 2011

Malm H Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk for major congenital anomalies. Obstet Gynecol 2011;118:111-20

Marks (Controls exposed to Bupropion), 2021

Marks Comparing newborn outcomes after prenatal exposure to individual antidepressants: A retrospective cohort study. Pharmacotherapy 2021; 41:907-914

Marks (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021

Marks Comparing newborn outcomes after prenatal exposure to individual antidepressants: A retrospective cohort study. Pharmacotherapy 2021; 41:907-914

Martin, 2024

Martin Antidepressant use during pregnancy and birth outcomes: analysis of electronic health data from the UK, Norway, and Sweden. medRxiv 2024; :

Maschi, 2008

Maschi S Neonatal outcome following pregnancy exposure to antidepressants: a prospective controlled cohort study. BJOG 2008;115:283-9

Merlob, 2009

Merlob P Are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors cardiac teratogens? Echocardiographic screening of newborns with persistent heart murmur. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2009;85:837-41

Nakhai-Pour, 2010

Nakhai-Pour Use of antidepressants during pregnancy and the risk of spontaneous abortion. CMAJ 2010; 182:1031-7

Nijenhuis (Controls exposed to TCA), 2012

Nijenhuis Disturbed development of the enteric nervous system after in utero exposure of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants. Part 2: Testing the hypotheses. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 73:126-34

Nijenhuis (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2012

Nijenhuis Disturbed development of the enteric nervous system after in utero exposure of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants. Part 2: Testing the hypotheses. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 73:126-34

Nordeng (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2012

Nordeng H Pregnancy outcome after exposure to antidepressants and the role of maternal depression: results from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2012;32:186-94

Nordeng (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012

Nordeng H Pregnancy outcome after exposure to antidepressants and the role of maternal depression: results from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2012;32:186-94

Oberlander, 2008

Oberlander TF Major congenital malformations following prenatal exposure to serotonin reuptake inhibitors and benzodiazepines using population-based health data. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 2008;83:68-76

Oberlander, 2004

Oberlander Pharmacologic factors associated with transient neonatal symptoms following prenatal psychotropic medication exposure. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65:230-7

Ozturk, 2016

Ozturk, Z. Safety of psychotropic medications in pregnancy: An observational cohort study Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bulteni 2016; 26:229-.

Palmsten (Controls exposed to TCA), 2013

Palmsten Antidepressant use and risk for preeclampsia. Epidemiology 2013; 24:682-91

Palmsten (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013

Palmsten Antidepressant use and risk for preeclampsia. Epidemiology 2013; 24:682-91

Palmsten b, 2013

Palmsten Use of antidepressants near delivery and risk of postpartum hemorrhage: cohort study of low income women in the United States. BMJ 2013; 347:f4877

Rai (Controls exposed to TCA), 2017

Rai Antidepressants during pregnancy and autism in offspring: population based cohort study. BMJ 2017; 358:j2811

Rai Parental depression, maternal antidepressant use during pregnancy, and risk of autism spectrum disorders: population based case-control study. BMJ 2013; 346:f2059

Rai (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2017

Rai Antidepressants during pregnancy and autism in offspring: population based cohort study. BMJ 2017; 358:j2811

Rai (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017

Rai Antidepressants during pregnancy and autism in offspring: population based cohort study. BMJ 2017; 358:j2811

Reis (Controls exposed to TCA), 2010

Källen Antidepressant drugs during pregnancy and infant congenital heart defect. Reprod Toxicol 2006; 21:221-2

Reis Delivery outcome after maternal use of antidepressant drugs in pregnancy: an update using Swedish data. Psychol Med 2010; 40:1723-33

Reis (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2010

Kallen Maternal use of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors in early pregnancy and infant congenital malformations. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2007; 79:301-8

Källen Antidepressant drugs during pregnancy and infant congenital heart defect. Reprod Toxicol 2006; 21:221-2

Reis Delivery outcome after maternal use of antidepressant drugs in pregnancy: an update using Swedish data. Psychol Med 2010; 40:1723-33

Stephansson, 2013

Stephansson Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy and risk of stillbirth and infant mortality.,Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy and risk of stillbirth and infant mortality. JAMA 2013; 309:48-54

Van der Veere, 2020

van der Veere Intra-uterine exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), maternal psychopathology, and neurodevelopment at age 2.5years - Results from the prospective cohort SMOK study. Early Hum Dev 2020; 147:105075

Vial, 2006

Vial Paroxetine and congenital malformations: A prospective comparative study Drug Saf. 2006, 29: 911-1010.

Viktorin (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017

Viktorin Autism risk following antidepressant medication during pregnancy. Psychol Med 2017; 47:2787-2796

Viktorin (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017

Viktorin Autism risk following antidepressant medication during pregnancy. Psychol Med 2017; 47:2787-2796

Wemakor, 2015

Wemakor A Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant use in first trimester pregnancy and risk of specific congenital anomalies: a European register-based study. Eur J Epidemiol 2015;30:1187-98

Yaris, 2005

Yaris Psychotropic drugs in pregnancy: a case-control study. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2005; 29:333-8

Yazdy, 2014

Yazdy Use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy and the risk of clubfoot. Epidemiology 2014; 25:859-65