Antimycotic Azoles (all routes except local only)

Study Reference
Bar-Oz - Itraconazole, 2000

Bar-Oz B Pregnancy outcome after in utero exposure to itraconazole: a prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:617-20

Berard - Fluconazole, 2019

Berard Associations between low- and high-dose oral fluconazole and pregnancy outcomes: 3 nested case-control studies. CMAJ 2019; 191:E179-E187

Carter - Miconazole, 2008

Carter Antifungal drugs and the risk of selected birth defects. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2008; 198:191.e1-7

De Santis - Itraconazole, 2009

De Santis First-trimester itraconazole exposure and pregnancy outcome: a prospective cohort study of women contacting teratology information services in Italy. Drug Saf 2009; 32:239-44

Howley - Fluconazole, 2016

Howley Fluconazole use and birth defects in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2016; 214:657.e1-9

Inman - Fluconazole, 1994

Inman Safety of fluconazole in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. A prescription-event monitoring study, with special reference to the outcome of pregnancy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1994; 46:115-8

Jick - Fluconazole and Itraconazole (Oral), 1999

Jick Pregnancy outcomes after maternal exposure to fluconazole. Pharmacotherapy 1999; 19:221-2

Kazy - Ketoconazole, 2005

Kazy Population-based case-control study of oral ketoconazole treatment for birth outcomes. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2005; 45:5-8

Kerr - Miconazole, 2018

Kerr Risk factors for congenital microcephaly in the pre-Zika era. Birth Defects Res 2019; 111:96-118

Mastroiacovo - Fluconazole, 1996

Mastroiacovo Prospective assessment of pregnancy outcomes after first-trimester exposure to fluconazole. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1996; 175:1645-50

Molgaard-Nielsen - Fluconazole, 2013

Molgaard-Nielsen Use of oral fluconazole during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013; 369:830-9

Molgaard-Nielsen - Fluconazole (Oral) (Controls exposed to pivmecillinam), 2016

Molgaard-Nielsen Association Between Use of Oral Fluconazole During Pregnancy and Risk of Spontaneous Abortion and Stillbirth. JAMA 2016; 315:58-67

Molgaard-Nielsen - Fluconazole (Oral) (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2016

Molgaard-Nielsen Association Between Use of Oral Fluconazole During Pregnancy and Risk of Spontaneous Abortion and Stillbirth. JAMA 2016; 315:58-67

Norgaard - Fluconazole, 2008

Norgaard Maternal use of fluconazole and risk of congenital malformations: a Danish population-based cohort study. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2008; 62:172-6

Pasternak - Fluconazole, 2018

Pasternak Oral Fluconazole in Pregnancy and Risk of Stillbirth and Neonatal Death. JAMA 2018; 319:2333-2335

Rosa - Miconazole, 1987

Rosa Pregnancy outcomes after first-trimester vaginitis drug therapy. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 69:751-5

Ross - Miconazole, 2003

Ross Prescription medication use during pregnancy and risk of infant leukemia (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2003; 14:447-51

Santos - Fluconazole, 2011

Santos Exposure to anti-infective drugs during pregnancy and the risk of small-for-gestational-age newborns: a case-control study. BJOG 2011; 118:1374-82

Sorensen - Fluconazole, 1999

Sorensen Risk of malformations and other outcomes in children exposed to fluconazole in utero. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 48:234-8

Zhu - Fluconazole, 2020

Zhu Oral fluconazole use in the first trimester and risk of congenital malformations: population based cohort study. BMJ 2020; 369:m1494