Azoles (local routes only)

Study	Reference
Abdel-Salam - Clotrimazole, 2000	Abdel-Salam A case-control etiologic study of microcephaly. Epidemiology 2000; 11:571-5
Araujo - Sertaconazole (Topical), 2022	Araujo, M. Topical sertaconazole during pregnancy and risk of adverse pregnancy outcome and major congenital anomalies: Comparative study in the EFEMERIS database Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 2022; 36:122-.
Carter - Clotrimazole, 2008	Carter Antifungal drugs and the risk of selected birth defects. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2008; 198:191.e1-7
Czeizel - Clotrimazole, 1999	Czeizel No teratogenic effect after clotrimazole therapy during pregnancy. Epidemiology 1999; 10:437-40 Czeizel Evaluation of drug intake during pregnancy in the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies. Teratology 1990; 42:505-12
Daniel - Clotrimazole and/or miconazole (Vaginal), 2018	Daniel Vaginal antimycotics and the risk for spontaneous abortions. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2018; 218:601.e1-601.e7
Jick - Azole (Topical route), 1999	Jick Pregnancy outcomes after maternal exposure to fluconazole. Pharmacotherapy 1999; 19:221-2
Kazy b - Metronidazole (Vaginal), 2005	Kazy Teratogenic potential of vaginal metronidazole treatment during pregnancy. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 2005; 123:174-8
Medveczky - Clotrimazole, 2004	Medveczky The use of drugs in mothers of offspring with neural-tube defects. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2004; 13:443-55
Molgaard-Nielsen - Clotrimazole/miconazole (Vaginal) (Controls exposed to pivmecillinam), 2016	Molgaard-Nielsen Association Between Use of Oral Fluconazole During Pregnancy and Risk of Spontaneous Abortion and Stillbirth. JAMA 2016; 315:58-67
Molgaard-Nielsen - Clotrimazole/miconazole (Vaginal) (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2016	Molgaard-Nielsen Association Between Use of Oral Fluconazole During Pregnancy and Risk of Spontaneous Abortion and Stillbirth. JAMA 2016; 315:58-67
Rosa - Clotrimazole, 1987	Rosa Pregnancy outcomes after first-trimester vaginitis drug therapy. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 69:751-5
Ross - Clotrimazole, 2003	Ross Prescription medication use during pregnancy and risk of infant leukemia (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2003; 14:447-51
Rotem - Clotrimazole (Vaginal), 2018	Rotem Risk of major congenital malformations following first-trimester exposure to vaginal azoles used for treating vulvovaginal candidiasis: a population-based retrospective cohort study. BJOG 2018; 125:1550-1556
Zarante - Clotrimazole (Vaginal), 2009	Zarante Impact and risk factors of craniofacial malformations in a Colombian population. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 2009; 73:1434-7
Zarante - Metronidazole (Vaginal), 2009	Zarante Impact and risk factors of craniofacial malformations in a Colombian population. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 2009; 73:1434-7
Zhu - Azoles (Local routes), 2020	Zhu Oral fluconazole use in the first trimester and risk of congenital malformations: population based cohort study. BMJ 2020; 369:m1494