Metronidazole (all routes except local only)

Study Reference
Abdel-Salam (All routes), 2000

Abdel-Salam A case-control etiologic study of microcephaly. Epidemiology 2000; 11:571-5

Alexander, 2001

Alexander Transplacental chemical exposure and risk of infant leukemia with MLL gene fusion. Cancer Res 2001; 61:2542-6

Andrews, 2003

Andrews Randomized clinical trial of metronidazole plus erythromycin to prevent spontaneous preterm delivery in fetal fibronectin-positive women. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 101:847-55

Caro-Paton, 1997

Caro-Paton Is metronidazole teratogenic? A meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997; 44:179-82

Czeizel, 1998

Czeizel A population based case-control teratologic study of oral metronidazole treatment during pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998; 105:322-7

Diav-Citrin, 2001

Diav-Citrin Pregnancy outcome after gestational exposure to metronidazole: a prospective controlled cohort study. Teratology 2001; 63:186-92

Heinonen (Controls exposed to penicillins), 1977

Heinonen Birth defects and drugs in pregnancy. Littleton, Massachusetts: PSG Publishing, 1977:447-55.

Heinonen (Controls unexposed, NOS), 1977

Heinonen Birth defects and drugs in pregnancy. Littleton, Massachusetts: PSG Publishing, 1977:447-55.

Jeffcoat, 2003

Jeffcoat Periodontal disease and preterm birth: results of a pilot intervention study. J. Periodontol. 2003; 74:1214-8

Kamal, 2018

Kamal Incidence of Antenatal Trichomoniasis and Evaluation of Its Role as a Cause of Preterm Birth in Pregnant Women Referring to Minia University Hospital, Egypt Iran J Parasitol. 2018 Jan-Mar; 13(1): 58–66.

Koss, 2012

Koss Investigation of metronidazole use during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2012; 56:4800-5

Mann, 2009

Mann Trichomoniasis in pregnancy and mental retardation in children. Ann Epidemiol 2009; 19:891-9

Medveczky, 2004

Medveczky The use of drugs in mothers of offspring with neural-tube defects. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2004; 13:443-55

Morgan, 1978

Morgan Metronidazole treatment in pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1978; 15:501-2

Muanda a (Controls exposed to penicillins), 2017

Muanda Use of antibiotics during pregnancy and the risk of major congenital malformations: a population based cohort study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 83:2557-2571

Muanda a (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017

Muanda Use of antibiotics during pregnancy and the risk of major congenital malformations: a population based cohort study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 83:2557-2571

Muanda b (Controls exposed to penicillins), 2017

Muanda Use of antibiotics during pregnancy and risk of spontaneous abortion. CMAJ 2017; 189:E625-E633

Muanda b (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2017

Muanda Use of antibiotics during pregnancy and risk of spontaneous abortion. CMAJ 2017; 189:E625-E633

Piper, 1993

Piper Prenatal use of metronidazole and birth defects: no association. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 82:348-52

Pombo-de-Oliveira, 2006

Pombo-de-Oliveira Infant acute leukemia and maternal exposures during pregnancy. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2006; 15:2336-41

Rosa, 1987

Rosa Pregnancy outcomes after first-trimester vaginitis drug therapy. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 69:751-5

Ross, 2003

Ross Prescription medication use during pregnancy and risk of infant leukemia (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2003; 14:447-51

Santos, 2011

Santos Exposure to anti-infective drugs during pregnancy and the risk of small-for-gestational-age newborns: a case-control study. BJOG 2011; 118:1374-82

Santos, 2012

Santos Use of anti-infective drugs during pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012; 39:177-8

Sorensen, 1999

Sorensen Safety of metronidazole during pregnancy: a cohort study of risk of congenital abnormalities, preterm delivery and low birth weight in 124 women. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1999; 44:854-6

Thapa, 1998

Thapa Prenatal exposure to metronidazole and risk of childhood cancer: a retrospective cohort study of children younger than 5 years. Cancer 1998; 83:1461-8

Werler, 2014

Werler Medication use in pregnancy in relation to the risk of isolated clubfoot in offspring. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2014; 180:86-93

Wright, 2012

Wright Maternal antibiotic exposure and risk of antibiotic resistance in neonatal early-onset sepsis: a case-cohort study. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2012; 31:1206-8

Zagorodnikova, 2017

Zagorodnikova Prenatal metronidazole use and adverse pregnancy outcomes in a disease-controlled population Reproductive Toxicology 2017;72:220-221