Study |
Type of data |
Exposure measurement |
Outcome assessment |
Adjustment |
Carter, 2008
|
case control
|
Structured maternal interviews were conducted mainly by telephone in English or Spanish no later than 24 months after the expected date of delivery (EDD) to obtain data on maternal exposures during pregnancy.
|
Cases and controls were identified by the birth defects surveillance systems in 10 states of USA. Medical records were obtained for all cases and reviewed by clinical geneticists.
|
No adjustment for this group of exposure.
|
Kerr, 2018
|
case control
|
Within 6 months of delivery, trained BDS nurse- interviewers contacted mothers to complete a roughly 1-hr computer-assisted telephone interview, including medications during pregnancy.
|
Cases and controls were ascertained at participating hospitals or birth defect registries in the same areas.
|
Adjusted models included maternal age, race/ethnicity, education, study center, and study year (aORs were calculated when there were five or more exposed cases).
|
Rosa, 1987
|
case control
|
Medicaid invoices for prescriptions.
|
Medicaid invoices for diagnoses.
|
None.
|
Ross, 2003
|
case control
|
Exposure information was collected from mothers using a structured telephone questionnaire. All prescription drugs recorded in the medical record were abstracted, including data for the trimester of pregnancy the drug was prescribed based upon gestational ages recorded in medical records.
|
Signed medical record release forms were obtained and complete copies of medical records were requested. Data were abstracted from medical records by two registered nurses using a structured protocol.
|
Controls matched to cases by birth date (within one year) and telephone area and exchange. Adjusted for maternal age, education, and income.
|