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Propranolol (versus unexposed)
Overall results
Study description
Excluded studies
Table
Graphic
auto
during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)
1st trimester
2nd trimester
3rd trimester
2nd and/or 3rd trimester
throughout pregnancy
early pregnancy
days before delivery
late pregnancy
preconception-only
periconceptional
preconceptional for kinetic reason
at least 1st trimester
3 months (or more) before pregnancy or during pregnancy
1st and 2nd trimester
3 months or more before pregnancy or1st trimester
Whatever the period exposition
individual studies
Outcome
TE
95% CI
n cases
n exposed
k
Pub. bias
Congenital malformations
Hypospadias
Van Zutphen, 2014 Bergman, 2018
2
1.60
[
0.24
; 10.83]
10,284
7
not evaluable
All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified)
Delteil, 2024
1
0.75
[
0.37
; 1.53]
4,062
442
not evaluable
Atrial septal defect
Bergman, 2018
1
0.60
[
0.13
; 2.88]
7,012
31
not evaluable
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate
Bergman, 2018
1
1.40
[
0.40
; 4.90]
3,624
32
not evaluable
Cleft palate
Bergman, 2018
1
2.60
[
0.78
; 8.67]
2,001
32
not evaluable
Club foot / Talipes equinovarus
Bergman, 2018
1
1.80
[
0.62
; 5.25]
4,413
-
not evaluable
Congenital heart defects
Bergman, 2018
1
0.70
[
0.34
; 1.46]
32,444
41
not evaluable
Major congenital malformations
Delteil, 2024
1
0.75
[
0.37
; 1.53]
4,062
442
not evaluable
Neural Tube Defects
Bergman, 2018
1
-
-
-
-
-
Growth parameters and prematurity
Small for gestational age (weight)
Lieberman, 1978 Tanaka, 2016 Duan, 2018 Delteil, 2024
4
2.63
[
1.25
; 5.52]
46,396
801
not evaluable
Low birth weight (< 2500g)
Ishibashi, 2017 Duan, 2018
2
1.53
[
1.11
; 2.11]
19,451
515
not evaluable
Very low birth weight (< 1500g)
Duan, 2018
1
1.79
[
0.89
; 3.61]
3,449
489
not evaluable
Maternal consequences
Assisted deliveries (forceps, vacuum, ...)
Duan, 2018
1
0.74
[
0.37
; 1.49]
8,241
489
not evaluable
Caesarean
Duan, 2018
1
1.30
[
1.07
; 1.56]
104,366
489
not evaluable
Preeclampsia
Duan, 2018
1
0.99
[
0.32
; 3.07]
2,333
489
not evaluable
Neonatal disorders
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 1 min)
Duan, 2018
1
1.60
[
1.13
; 2.26]
16,789
489
not evaluable
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 10 min)
Duan, 2018
1
3.24
[
1.45
; 7.26]
1,436
489
not evaluable
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 5 min)
Duan, 2018
1
1.78
[
0.84
; 3.76]
3,031
489
not evaluable
Neonatal death (< 28 days of life)
Lieberman, 1978
1
0.29
[
0.01
; 6.93]
2
9
not evaluable
Intrauterine deaths
Late intrauterine deaths (> 22 weeks)
Lieberman, 1978
1
14.00
[
1.86
; 105.27]
10
9
not evaluable
Perinatal death
Lieberman, 1978
1
7.00
[
1.04
; 46.95]
12
9
not evaluable
0.0
100.0
1.0