Amitriptyline

Table   Graphic  
individual studies
OutcomeTE95% CIn casesn exposedkPub. bias Congenital malformations All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified) Ozturk, 2016 Anderson, 2020 Chan (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2024 31.36[0.74; 2.49]53,273176not evaluable Major congenital malformations Ozturk, 2016 Anderson, 2020 Chan (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2024 31.36[0.74; 2.49]53,273176not evaluable Congenital heart defects Chan (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2024 12.32[0.93; 5.80]8,112148not evaluable Growth parameters and prematurity Preterm (< 37 weeks) Ozturk, 2016 Martin, 2024 Lee (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025 31.31[1.12; 1.53]148,9345,078not evaluable Small for gestational age (weight) Martin, 2024 Lee (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025 21.00[0.90; 1.11]236,4924,160not evaluable Large for gestational age (weight) Lee (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025 10.13[0.02; 0.87]9,745301not evaluable Low birth weight (< 2500g) Lee (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025 11.11[0.76; 1.62]31,378301not evaluable Maternal consequences Postpartum hemorrhage Palmsten b, 2013 Lee (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025 21.12[0.52; 2.40]21,655477not evaluable Assisted deliveries (forceps, vacuum, ...) Lee (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025 10.78[0.51; 1.20]46,059301not evaluable Caesarean Lee (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025 11.10[0.86; 1.40]111,735301not evaluable Maternal consequences (as a whole) Lee (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025 11.15[0.88; 1.50]311,322301not evaluable Preeclampsia Palmsten a (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 11.72[1.24; 2.39]3,246271not evaluable Gestational diabetes Dandjinou, 2019 11.52[1.25; 1.84]20,905886not evaluable Neonatal disorders Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 5 min) Martin, 2024 Lee (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025 21.35[0.54; 3.40]32,7723,200not evaluable Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 1 min) Lee (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025 11.47[0.90; 2.41]14,900301not evaluable Neonatal death (< 28 days of life) Lee (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025 11.23[0.08; 19.69]627301not evaluable Neonatal disorders (as a whole) Lee (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025 11.36[1.08; 1.71]161,554301not evaluable Neonatal medical care Lee (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025 10.95[0.47; 1.92]8,574301not evaluable Long term consequences Child/Infant death (> 28 days of life) Lee (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025 15.91[0.37; 95.17]130301not evaluable Intrauterine deaths Early intrauterine deaths (< 22 weeks) / Spontaneous abortions Yaris, 2005 Kjaersgaard, 2013 Ozturk, 2016 31.65[1.37; 2.00]2431not evaluable Elective/induced termination of pregnancy Ozturk, 2016 12.57[0.13; 52.07]144not evaluable Neuro-developmental disorders ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder): Diagnosis Heuvelman, 2023 11.74[1.00; 3.03]-1,040not evaluable ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder): Diagnosis/Risk Heuvelman, 2023 11.74[1.00; 3.03]-1,040not evaluable ASD (Autism spectrum disorder): Diagnosis Heuvelman, 2023 12.02[1.32; 3.10]-1,040not evaluable ASD (Autism spectrum disorder): Diagnosis/Risk Heuvelman, 2023 12.02[1.32; 3.10]-1,040not evaluable Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (> 6 years old) Heuvelman, 2023 11.00[0.39; 2.57]-1,040not evaluable Severe cognitive developmental delay (Mental retardation) (> 6 years old) Heuvelman, 2023 11.00[0.39; 2.57]-1,040not evaluable0.0100.01.0

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