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Carbamazepine (Epilepsy)
Overall results
Study description
Excluded studies
Table
Graphic
auto
during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)
1st trimester
2nd trimester
3rd trimester
2nd and/or 3rd trimester
throughout pregnancy
early pregnancy
days before delivery
late pregnancy
preconception-only
periconceptional
preconceptional for kinetic reason
at least 1st trimester
3 months (or more) before pregnancy or during pregnancy
1st and 2nd trimester
3 months or more before pregnancy or1st trimester
Whatever the period exposition
individual studies
Outcome
TE
95% CI
n cases
n exposed
k
Pub. bias
Congenital malformations
All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified)
Robert (Carbamazepine), 1986 D'Souza (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Kaneko (Carbamazepine), 1999 Canger (Carbamazepine), 1999 Samrén (Carbamazepine), 1999 Hvas (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2000 Diav-Citrin (Carbamazepine), 2001 Dean (Carbamazepine), 2002 Kaaja (Carbamazepine), 2003 Endo (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2004 Artama (Carbamazepine), 2005 Viinikainen (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick) a, 2006 Mawer (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2010 Charlton (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2011 Bànhidy (Carbamazepine), 2011 Hernández-Díaz (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2012 Arteaga-Vázquez (Carbamazepine), 2012 Cassina (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2013 Veiby (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Campbell (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Vanya (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015 Tomson (Carbamazepine), 2018 Huber-Mollema (Carbamazepine), 2019 Vajda (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2019 Meador (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Aydin (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Thomas (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Hosny (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Mari (Carbamazepine), 2022
29
1.62
[
1.34
; 1.95]
781
8,918
low
Major congenital malformations
Robert (Carbamazepine), 1986 Canger (Carbamazepine), 1999 Samrén (Carbamazepine), 1999 Hvas (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2000 Diav-Citrin (Carbamazepine), 2001 Dean (Carbamazepine), 2002 Kaaja (Carbamazepine), 2003 Viinikainen (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick) a, 2006 Mawer (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2010 Bànhidy (Carbamazepine), 2011 Charlton (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2011 Hernández-Díaz (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2012 Cassina (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2013 Veiby (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Campbell (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Vanya (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015 Tomson (Carbamazepine), 2018 Huber-Mollema (Carbamazepine), 2019 Vajda (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2019 Meador (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Thomas (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Hosny (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Mari (Carbamazepine), 2022
23
1.65
[
1.38
; 1.98]
654
7,897
low
Congenital heart defects
D'Souza (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Van der Pol (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Canger (Carbamazepine), 1999 Artama (Carbamazepine), 2005 Mawer (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2010 Bànhidy (Carbamazepine), 2011 Hernández-Díaz (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2012 Vajda (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Campbell (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2014 Tomson (Carbamazepine), 2018 Thomas (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021
11
1.29
[
0.81
; 2.05]
113
6,510
low
Minor congenital malformations
Robert (Carbamazepine), 1986 Van der Pol (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Battino (Carbamazepine), 1992 Wide (Carbamazepine), 2000 Dean (Carbamazepine), 2002 Mari (Carbamazepine), 2022
6
2.28
[
0.84
; 6.14]
75
211
not evaluable
Neural Tube Defects
Canger (Carbamazepine), 1999 Mawer (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2010 Bànhidy (Carbamazepine), 2011 Hernández-Díaz (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2012 Vajda (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Campbell (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2014 Tomson (Carbamazepine), 2018
7
2.40
[
1.00
; 5.77]
24
5,199
not evaluable
Spina bifida
Van der Pol (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Artama (Carbamazepine), 2005 Viinikainen (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick) a, 2006 Jentink (Carbamazepine), 2010 Charlton (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2011 Veiby (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014
6
2.04
[
1.05
; 3.97]
6
1,812
serious
Hypospadias
D'Souza (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Van der Pol (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Jentink (Carbamazepine), 2010 Bànhidy (Carbamazepine), 2011 Hernández-Díaz (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2012 Campbell (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2014 Tomson (Carbamazepine), 2018
7
0.97
[
0.58
; 1.64]
36
4,672
not evaluable
Limb defects
Artama (Carbamazepine), 2005 Mawer (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2010 Vajda (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Campbell (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2014 Thomas (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021
5
1.41
[
0.70
; 2.83]
32
3,379
not evaluable
Microcephaly / Small head circumference for gestational age
Battino (Carbamazepine), 1999 Díaz-Romero (Carbamazepine), 1999 Holmes (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2001 Kini (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2006 Pennell (Carbamazepine), 2012
5
1.02
[
0.43
; 2.44]
40
373
not evaluable
Polydactyly
D'Souza (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Viinikainen (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick) a, 2006 Bànhidy (Carbamazepine), 2011 Tomson (Carbamazepine), 2018
4
2.36
[
0.38
; 14.49]
6
2,042
not evaluable
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate
Artama (Carbamazepine), 2005 Viinikainen (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick) a, 2006 Jentink (Carbamazepine), 2010 Vajda (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013
4
0.59
[
0.09
; 4.07]
3
1,238
not evaluable
Hip dislocation and/or dysplasia
D'Souza (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Van der Pol (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991
2
2.46
[
0.14
; 43.93]
-
14
not evaluable
Urinary malformations
Artama (Carbamazepine), 2005 Tomson (Carbamazepine), 2018 Thomas (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021
3
1.19
[
0.42
; 3.39]
33
3,252
not evaluable
Club foot / Talipes equinovarus
Van der Pol (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Bànhidy (Carbamazepine), 2011
2
3.54
[
0.30
; 42.29]
2
23
not evaluable
Digestive system anomalies
Campbell (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2014 Thomas (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021
2
0.69
[
0.24
; 1.99]
14
2,147
not evaluable
Oro-facial clefts
Hernández-Díaz (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2012 Campbell (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2014 Tomson (Carbamazepine), 2018
3
1.27
[
0.55
; 2.93]
23
4,647
not evaluable
Ano-rectal atresia and stenosis
Van der Pol (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991
1
0.65
[
0.02
; 17.40]
1
11
not evaluable
Congenital cataract
Van der Pol (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991
1
0.65
[
0.02
; 17.40]
1
11
not evaluable
Craniosynostosis
D'Souza (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991
1
3.00
[
0.05
; 194.76]
-
3
not evaluable
Down syndrom / Trisomy 21
D'Souza (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991
1
3.00
[
0.05
; 194.76]
-
3
not evaluable
Eye defects
Dean (Carbamazepine), 2002 Artama (Carbamazepine), 2005
2
0.49
[
0.16
; 1.52]
13
874
not evaluable
Nervous system anomalies
Thomas (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021
1
9.13
[
0.51
; 162.59]
6
490
not evaluable
Chromosomal abnormalities
Artama (Carbamazepine), 2005
1
8.20
[
0.42
; 158.93]
3
805
not evaluable
Cleft palate
Viinikainen (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick) a, 2006
1
2.19
[
0.09
; 54.89]
1
72
not evaluable
Diaphragmatic hernia
Jentink (Carbamazepine), 2010
1
0.90
[
0.11
; 7.31]
-
-
not evaluable
Ear, face and neck anomalies
Artama (Carbamazepine), 2005
1
0.23
[
0.01
; 4.86]
2
805
not evaluable
Genital anomalies
Artama (Carbamazepine), 2005
1
0.93
[
0.25
; 3.49]
9
805
not evaluable
Growth parameters and prematurity
Preterm (< 37 weeks)
Van der Pol (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Diav-Citrin (Carbamazepine), 2001 Endo (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2004 McVearry (Carbamazepine), 2009 Nadebaum (Carbamazepine), 2011 Cummings (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2011 Pennell (Carbamazepine), 2012 Veiby (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick) b, 2013 Artama (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Arkilo (Carbamazepine), 2015 Cohen (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed NOS), 2019 Coste (Carbamazepine), 2020 Aydin (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023
14
1.05
[
0.85
; 1.29]
160,982
1,677
low
Small for gestational age (weight)
Wide (Carbamazepine), 2000 Endo (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2004 Burja (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2006 Pennell (Carbamazepine), 2012 Veiby (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick) b, 2013 Artama (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Cohen (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed NOS), 2019 Aydin (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Dreier (Carbamazepine), 2021 Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023
10
1.17
[
0.79
; 1.73]
41,782
3,995
low
Low birth weight (< 2500g)
Kini (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2006 Artama (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Veiby (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick) b, 2013 Coste (Carbamazepine), 2020
4
1.16
[
0.71
; 1.92]
293
1,414
not evaluable
Large for gestational age (weight)
Artama (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Aydin (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020
2
0.88
[
0.59
; 1.32]
110
1,092
not evaluable
Macrosomia (> 4000g)
Endo (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2004 Kini (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2006 Coste (Carbamazepine), 2020
3
1.04
[
0.77
; 1.42]
727
278
not evaluable
Large head circumference for gestational age
Díaz-Romero (Carbamazepine), 1999
1
0.29
[
0.01
; 16.12]
-
26
not evaluable
Very preterm (28 to 32 weeks)
Coste (Carbamazepine), 2020
1
3.02
[
0.64
; 14.32]
10
176
not evaluable
Maternal consequences
Caesarean
Endo (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2004 Borthen (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2010 Artama (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013
3
1.03
[
0.88
; 1.21]
944
1,480
not evaluable
Preeclampsia
Borthen (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2011 Pennell (Carbamazepine), 2012 Cohen (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed NOS), 2019 Aydin (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020
4
1.07
[
0.59
; 1.94]
53,648
135
not evaluable
Assisted deliveries (forceps, vacuum, ...)
Endo (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2004 Borthen (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2010
2
0.82
[
0.11
; 5.98]
194
396
not evaluable
Gestational diabetes
McVearry (Carbamazepine), 2009 Pennell (Carbamazepine), 2012 Aydin (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Mari (Carbamazepine), 2022
4
0.42
[
0.11
; 1.61]
11
152
not evaluable
Amniotic fluid problems (polyhydramnios and/or oligohydramnios)
Aydin (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Mari (Carbamazepine), 2022
2
1.77
[
0.15
; 20.65]
2
44
not evaluable
Postpartum hemorrhage
Borthen (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2010
1
1.18
[
0.88
; 1.58]
342
388
not evaluable
Abruptio placentae (retroplacental hematoma)
Cohen (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed NOS), 2019
1
1.07
[
0.37
; 3.08]
20,260
-
not evaluable
Polyhydramnios
Endo (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2004
1
0.23
[
0.00
; 17.06]
1
8
not evaluable
Maternal consequences (as a whole)
Alsfouk (Carbamazepine), 2022
1
2.53
[
0.59
; 10.85]
15
31
not evaluable
Maternal death
Mari (Carbamazepine), 2022
1
0.37
[
0.01
; 19.78]
-
29
not evaluable
Maternal liver disorder / failure during pregnancy
Mari (Carbamazepine), 2022
1
1.15
[
0.04
; 30.40]
1
29
not evaluable
Neonatal disorders
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 5 min)
Borthen (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2010 Pennell (Carbamazepine), 2012 Veiby (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick) b, 2013 Artama (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013
4
1.56
[
0.84
; 2.89]
56
794
not evaluable
Neonatal medical care
D'Souza (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Viinikainen (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free) a, 2006 Artama (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Aydin (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023
5
1.19
[
0.91
; 1.54]
2,082
1,021
not evaluable
Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 1 min)
Van der Pol (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Endo (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2004 Pennell (Carbamazepine), 2012 Artama (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013
4
1.16
[
0.79
; 1.71]
121
1,014
not evaluable
Feeding difficulty
D'Souza (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Yerby (Carbamazepine), 1992 Burja (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2006
3
1.49
[
0.22
; 9.94]
3
41
not evaluable
Neonatal disorders (as a whole)
D'Souza (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023
2
1.04
[
0.37
; 2.96]
23
30
not evaluable
Neonatal intracranial hemorrhage
D'Souza (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Burja (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2006
2
3.82
[
0.73
; 20.07]
6
22
not evaluable
Withdrawal syndrome / Neonatal abstinence syndrome / Poor neonatal adaptation
Burja (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2006
1
1.70
[
0.03
; 89.48]
-
19
not evaluable
Cerebral palsy
Van der Pol (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991
1
6.79
[
0.25
; 182.34]
1
11
not evaluable
Jaundice
D'Souza (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991
1
3.50
[
0.14
; 84.70]
2
3
not evaluable
Neonatal death (< 28 days of life)
Holmes (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2011
1
1.66
[
0.19
; 14.33]
6
573
not evaluable
Neonatal hypotonia
D'Souza (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991
1
3.00
[
0.05
; 194.76]
-
3
not evaluable
Neonatal infections
D'Souza (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991
1
3.00
[
0.05
; 194.76]
-
3
not evaluable
Neonatal tachypnea
D'Souza (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991
1
3.00
[
0.05
; 194.76]
-
3
not evaluable
Fetal distress
McVearry (Carbamazepine), 2009
1
0.75
[
0.14
; 4.04]
7
16
not evaluable
Long term consequences
Behavioral disorders
Cohen (Carbamazepine), 2013 Veiby (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick) b, 2013 Huber-Mollema (Carbamazepine), 2019 Dreier (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023
4
1.12
[
0.67
; 1.87]
161
2,785
not evaluable
Child/Infant death (> 28 days of life)
Van der Pol (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Artama (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013
2
2.22
[
0.65
; 7.53]
12
1,089
not evaluable
Emotional disorders
Cohen (Carbamazepine), 2013 Huber-Mollema (Carbamazepine), 2019 Dreier (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023
3
0.89
[
0.61
; 1.30]
128
2,754
not evaluable
Child/Infant growth abnormalities (> 1 year)
Pennell (Carbamazepine), 2012
1
0.52
[
0.12
; 2.16]
9
63
not evaluable
Child/Infant head circumference abnormalities (> 1 year)
Pennell (Carbamazepine), 2012
1
5.81
[
0.27
; 123.89]
2
52
not evaluable
Child/Infant lenght abnormalities (> 1 year)
Kini (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2006
1
1.65
[
0.45
; 6.05]
10
94
not evaluable
Child/Infant weight abnormalities (> 1 year)
Kini (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2006
1
1.25
[
0.43
; 3.59]
15
94
not evaluable
Intrauterine deaths
Intrauterine deaths (as a whole or unspecified)
Diav-Citrin (Carbamazepine), 2001 Meador (Carbamazepine), 2006 Holmes (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2011 Campbell (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2014 Arkilo (Carbamazepine), 2015 Tomson (Carbamazepine), 2015 Miškov (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016 Vajda (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 Trivedi (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 Meador (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020
10
1.29
[
0.91
; 1.83]
584
5,135
critical
Late intrauterine deaths (> 22 weeks)
Diav-Citrin (Carbamazepine), 2001 Holmes (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2011 Campbell (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2014 Arkilo (Carbamazepine), 2015 Tomson (Carbamazepine), 2015 AlSheikh (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Aydin (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Mari (Carbamazepine), 2022
8
1.53
[
0.71
; 3.30]
49
4,177
not evaluable
Elective/induced termination of pregnancy
Diav-Citrin (Carbamazepine), 2001 Holmes (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2011 Campbell (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2014 Miškov (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016 Hosny (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Mari (Carbamazepine), 2022
6
1.82
[
1.01
; 3.28]
43
2,472
serious
Early intrauterine death (< 22 weeks)
Diav-Citrin (Carbamazepine), 2001 Campbell (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2014 Tomson (Carbamazepine), 2015 Arkilo (Carbamazepine), 2015 Miškov (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016
5
0.90
[
0.74
; 1.10]
431
3,569
not evaluable
Perinatal death
Canger (Carbamazepine), 1999 Artama (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Tomson (Carbamazepine), 2015
3
1.42
[
0.62
; 3.25]
26
2,767
not evaluable
Therapeutic terminations of pregnancy
Miškov (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016
1
0.28
[
0.00
; 16.82]
-
13
not evaluable
Ectopic pregnancy
Campbell (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2014
1
3.84
[
0.16
; 94.34]
1
1,718
not evaluable
Neuro-developmental disorders
Language disorders/delay
Gaily (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2004 Adab (Carbamazepine), 2004 Eriksson (Carbamazepine), 2005 Nadebaum (Carbamazepine), 2011 Meador (Carbamazepine), 2013 Baker (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015 Deshmukh (Carbamazepine), 2016 Videman (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2016 Kasradze (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2017 Husebye (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Coste (Carbamazepine), 2020 Meador (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2021 Adams (Carbamazepine), 2022 Thomas (Carbamazepine), 2022 Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023
15
1.52
[
0.94
; 2.45]
257
729
low
Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (> 6 years old)
Adab (Carbamazepine), 2004 Gaily (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2004 Vinten (Carbamazepine), 2005 Viinikainen (Carbamazepine) b, 2006 Titze (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2008 Nadebaum (Carbamazepine), 2011 Meador (Carbamazepine), 2013 Baker (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015 Adams (Carbamazepine), 2022 Thomas (Carbamazepine), 2022 Dreier (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023
11
1.19
[
0.86
; 1.65]
240
3,096
low
Neuro-developmental disorders (as a whole)
Van der Pol (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Katz (Carbamazepine), 2001 Adab (Carbamazepine), 2004 Viinikainen (Carbamazepine) b, 2006 Dean (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2007 Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Arkilo (Carbamazepine), 2015 Charlton (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 Bjørk (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2022
9
1.09
[
0.71
; 1.65]
603
3,003
not evaluable
Psychomotor developmental disorders/delay
Ornoy (Carbamazepine), 1996 Adab (Carbamazepine), 2004 Viinikainen (Carbamazepine) b, 2006 Thomas b (Carbamazepine), 2008 Cohen (Carbamazepine), 2011 Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Deshmukh (Carbamazepine), 2016 Videman (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2016 Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023
9
1.01
[
0.69
; 1.47]
65
425
not evaluable
ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder): Diagnosis/Risk
Viinikainen (Carbamazepine) b, 2006 Veiby (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick) b, 2013 Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Cohen (Carbamazepine), 2013 Huber-Mollema (Carbamazepine), 2019 Wiggs (Carbamazepine), 2020 Dreier (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023
7
1.11
[
0.93
; 1.33]
641
2,827
not evaluable
ASD (Autism spectrum disorder): Diagnosis/Risk
Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Wood (Carbamazepine), 2015 Bjørk (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 Huber-Mollema (Carbamazepine), 2019 Wiggs (Carbamazepine), 2020 Coste (Carbamazepine), 2020 Dreier (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023
7
1.16
[
0.91
; 1.49]
412
3,003
not evaluable
Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (< 3 years old)
Ornoy (Carbamazepine), 1996 Wide (Carbamazepine), 2000 Thomas b (Carbamazepine), 2008 Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2010 Meador (Carbamazepine), 2013 Videman (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2016 Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023
7
1.71
[
0.73
; 4.01]
85
303
not evaluable
ASD (Autism spectrum disorder): Diagnosis
Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Wood (Carbamazepine), 2015 Huber-Mollema (Carbamazepine), 2019 Wiggs (Carbamazepine), 2020 Coste (Carbamazepine), 2020 Dreier (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023
6
1.14
[
0.88
; 1.47]
379
2,962
not evaluable
Severe cognitive developmental delay (Mental retardation) (> 6 years old)
Gaily (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2004 Vinten (Carbamazepine), 2005 Viinikainen (Carbamazepine) b, 2006 Titze (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2008 Meador (Carbamazepine), 2013 Dreier (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023
6
1.08
[
0.73
; 1.59]
235
2,881
not evaluable
ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder): Diagnosis
Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Cohen (Carbamazepine), 2013 Huber-Mollema (Carbamazepine), 2019 Wiggs (Carbamazepine), 2020 Dreier (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023
5
1.11
[
0.93
; 1.33]
633
2,784
not evaluable
Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (3-6 years old)
Cummings (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2011 Meador (Carbamazepine), 2013 Deshmukh (Carbamazepine), 2016 Kasradze (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2017 Coste (Carbamazepine), 2020
5
2.74
[
1.17
; 6.42]
42
392
not evaluable
ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder): Risk
Viinikainen (Carbamazepine) b, 2006 Cohen (Carbamazepine), 2013 Veiby (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick) b, 2013 Huber-Mollema (Carbamazepine), 2019
4
1.23
[
0.49
; 3.05]
30
131
not evaluable
Learning disorders
Van der Pol (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Forsberg (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2011 Ren (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy), 2023
3
1.18
[
0.96
; 1.45]
51
391
not evaluable
ASD (Autism spectrum disorder): Risk
Wood (Carbamazepine), 2015 Bjørk (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 Huber-Mollema (Carbamazepine), 2019
3
1.27
[
0.53
; 3.03]
38
111
not evaluable
Severe cognitive developmental delay (Mental retardation) (3-6 years old)
Cummings (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2011 Meador (Carbamazepine), 2013 Coste (Carbamazepine), 2020
3
1.83
[
0.38
; 8.89]
15
279
not evaluable
Fonctions adaptatives (A CONSOLIDER)
Cohen (Carbamazepine), 2011
1
1.00
[
0.53
; 1.89]
-
55
not evaluable
Fonctions exécutives (A CONSOLIDER)
Meador (Carbamazepine), 2013
1
1.41
[
0.76
; 2.61]
-
61
not evaluable
Fonctions mnésiques (A CONSOLIDER)
Meador (Carbamazepine), 2013
1
1.24
[
0.67
; 2.29]
-
61
not evaluable
Severe cognitive developmental delay (Mental retardation) (< 3 years old)
Meador (Carbamazepine), 2013
1
1.48
[
0.45
; 4.89]
12
48
not evaluable
0.0
100.0
1.0