Renin-angiotensin system (ACEIs and/or ARBs) (versus unexposed)

Table   Graphic  
individual studies
OutcomeTE95% CIn casesn exposedkPub. bias Congenital malformations All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified) Cooper - ACEi, 2006 Cournot - ACEi, 2006 Malm - ACEi, 2008 Nakhai-Pour - ACE inhibitors, 2010 Diav-Citrin - ACEi/ARB, 2011 Li - ACE inhibitors (Controls unexposed, sick), 2011 Moretti - ACEi/ARBs, 2012 Vasilakis-Scaramozza - ACE inhibitors, 2013 Colvin - ACEi, 2014 Van Gelder - ACE inhibitors, 2015 Bateman - ACE inhibitor (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 Hoeltzenbein a - ARBs, 2018 Hoeltzenbein b - ACEi, 2018 Van der Zande - ACE-Is and/or ARBs, 2024 141.66[1.21; 2.30]29,8064,726critical Major congenital malformations Cooper - ACEi, 2006 Cournot - ACEi, 2006 Malm - ACEi, 2008 Nakhai-Pour - ACE inhibitors, 2010 Diav-Citrin - ACEi/ARB, 2011 Li - ACE inhibitors (Controls unexposed, sick), 2011 Vasilakis-Scaramozza - ACE inhibitors, 2013 Colvin - ACEi, 2014 Van Gelder - ACE inhibitors, 2015 Bateman - ACE inhibitor (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 Hoeltzenbein a - ARBs, 2018 Hoeltzenbein b - ACEi, 2018 Van der Zande - ACE-Is and/or ARBs, 2024 131.68[1.21; 2.34]29,8024,618critical Congenital heart defects Cooper - ACEi, 2006 Malm - ACEi, 2008 Lennestal - ACE inhibitors, 2009 Li - ACE inhibitors (Controls unexposed, sick), 2011 Colvin - ACEi, 2014 Fisher - Renin inhibitors (ACE/ARBs) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 Bateman - ACE inhibitor (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 Hoeltzenbein b - ACEi, 2018 Van der Zande - ACE-Is and/or ARBs, 2024 92.17[1.27; 3.72]14,9004,017serious Coarctation of aorta Colvin - ACEi, 2014 Fisher - Renin inhibitors (ACE/ARBs) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 23.76[0.85; 16.59]4998not evaluable Atrial septal defect Fisher - Renin inhibitors (ACE/ARBs) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 12.70[1.44; 5.05]-21not evaluable Pulmonary valve stenosis Fisher - Renin inhibitors (ACE/ARBs) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 12.78[0.99; 7.79]--not evaluable Ebstein's anomaly Caton - Renin inhibitors (ACE/ARBs), 2009 126.40[2.29; 304.51]654not evaluable Hypospadias Van Zutphen - Renin–angiotensin system-acting, 2014 Colvin - ACEi, 2014 21.23[0.43; 3.50]2,48065not evaluable Nervous system anomalies Cooper - ACEi, 2006 Bateman - ACE inhibitor (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 21.46[0.19; 11.38]1192,840not evaluable Urinary malformations Cooper - ACEi, 2006 Colvin - ACEi, 2014 Hoeltzenbein b - ACEi, 2018 34.01[1.39; 11.58]528548not evaluable Genital anomalies Vasilakis-Scaramozza - ACE inhibitors, 2013 Colvin - ACEi, 2014 25.73[2.64; 12.42]842130not evaluable Neural Tube Defects Li - ACE inhibitors (Controls unexposed, sick), 2011 10.86[0.37; 2.01]287652not evaluable Ventricular septal defect Fisher - Renin inhibitors (ACE/ARBs) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 16.91[1.43; 33.35]--not evaluable Ano-rectal atresia and stenosis Fisher a - Renin-angiotensin system blockers, 2018 12.20[0.50; 9.65]782-not evaluable Chromosomal abnormalities Colvin - ACEi, 2014 114.76[3.64; 59.81]21384not evaluable Cleft palate Fisher a - Renin-angiotensin system blockers, 2018 11.40[0.48; 4.11]1,445-not evaluable Down syndrom / Trisomy 21 Colvin - ACEi, 2014 19.56[2.20; 41.59]10584not evaluable Gastroschisis Fisher a - Renin-angiotensin system blockers, 2018 11.30[0.34; 5.03]1,327-not evaluable Oesophageal atresia with or without tracheo-oesophageal fistula Fisher a - Renin-angiotensin system blockers, 2018 12.70[0.63; 11.52]660-not evaluable Growth parameters and prematurity Preterm (< 37 weeks) Diav-Citrin - ACEi/ARB, 2011 Moretti - ACEi/ARBs, 2012 Colvin - ACEi, 2014 Hoeltzenbein b - ACEi, 2018 Chintamaneni - ACE inhibitors, 2018 Hoeltzenbein a - ARBs, 2018 Van der Zande - ACE-Is and/or ARBs, 2024 Vaclavik - ACEs/ARBs, 2024 82.83[2.04; 3.94]38,6561,267not evaluable Small for gestational age (weight) Nakhai-Pour - ACE inhibitors, 2010 Fisher b - ACE inhibitors (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 Hoeltzenbein a - ARBs, 2018 Van der Zande - ACE-Is and/or ARBs, 2024 42.05[1.21; 3.49]8,156222not evaluable Low birth weight (< 2500g) Colvin - ACEi, 2014 Chintamaneni - ACE inhibitors, 2018 Vaclavik - ACEs/ARBs, 2024 32.39[1.71; 3.34]27,5331,318not evaluable Extremely preterm (< 28 weeks) Van der Zande - ACE-Is and/or ARBs, 2024 11.92[0.12; 31.85]3542not evaluable Very preterm (28 to 32 weeks) Van der Zande - ACE-Is and/or ARBs, 2024 13.40[1.04; 11.15]12942not evaluable Maternal consequences Caesarean Van der Zande - ACE-Is and/or ARBs, 2024 Vaclavik - ACEs/ARBs, 2024 22.01[1.62; 2.50]2,681159not evaluable Postpartum hemorrhage Van der Zande - ACE-Is and/or ARBs, 2024 10.39[0.02; 6.38]17042not evaluable Preeclampsia Van der Zande - ACE-Is and/or ARBs, 2024 Bane - ACEs/ARB (Controls unexposed sick), 2024 22.08[0.82; 5.27]256782not evaluable Gestational diabetes Van der Zande - ACE-Is and/or ARBs, 2024 10.85[0.12; 6.21]16042not evaluable Maternal consequences (as a whole) Bane - ACEs/ARB (Controls unexposed sick), 2024 11.22[0.88; 1.68]2412,520not evaluable Neonatal disorders Feeding difficulty Colvin - ACEi, 2014 10.64[0.29; 1.41]7,03084not evaluable Fetal distress 0----- Jaundice / Icterus Colvin - ACEi, 2014 12.66[1.51; 4.68]7,60584not evaluable Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 5 min) Van der Zande - ACE-Is and/or ARBs, 2024 10.67[0.16; 2.79]39742not evaluable Low Apgar score (< 7) (NOS) Vaclavik - ACEs/ARBs, 2024 11.08[0.76; 1.54]-34not evaluable Neonatal death (< 28 days of life) Van der Zande - ACE-Is and/or ARBs, 2024 14.32[0.58; 32.35]3342not evaluable Neonatal medical care 0----- Intrauterine deaths Early intrauterine deaths (< 22 weeks) / Spontaneous abortions Cournot - ACEi, 2006 Diav-Citrin - ACEi/ARB, 2011 Moretti - ACEi/ARBs, 2012 Hoeltzenbein b - ACEi, 2018 Hoeltzenbein a - ARBs, 2018 Van der Zande - ACE-Is and/or ARBs, 2024 61.41[1.07; 1.84]5161,128not evaluable Late intrauterine deaths (> 22 weeks) / Stillbirths Cournot - ACEi, 2006 Diav-Citrin - ACEi/ARB, 2011 Moretti - ACEi/ARBs, 2012 Hoeltzenbein b - ACEi, 2018 Hoeltzenbein a - ARBs, 2018 Van der Zande - ACE-Is and/or ARBs, 2024 62.13[0.84; 5.42]871,086not evaluable Elective/induced termination of pregnancy Cournot - ACEi, 2006 Diav-Citrin - ACEi/ARB, 2011 Moretti - ACEi/ARBs, 2012 Hoeltzenbein b - ACEi, 2018 Hoeltzenbein a - ARBs, 2018 52.80[1.42; 5.52]1941,068not evaluable Therapeutic terminations of pregnancy Cournot - ACEi, 2006 Hoeltzenbein a - ARBs, 2018 Van der Zande - ACE-Is and/or ARBs, 2024 34.65[1.41; 15.33]27382not evaluable Ectopic pregnancy Diav-Citrin - ACEi/ARB, 2011 15.92[0.24; 145.91]1252not evaluable0.0100.01.0