Centrally acting antiadrenergic (versus unexposed)

Table   Graphic  
individual studies
OutcomeTE95% CIn casesn exposedkPub. bias Congenital malformations All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified) Nakhai-Pour - Centrally acting, 2010 Hoeltzenbein - Methyldopa (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2017 Ishikawa - Methyldopa (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023 31.41[0.80; 2.50]4,256356not evaluable Major congenital malformations Nakhai-Pour - Centrally acting, 2010 Hoeltzenbein - Methyldopa (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2017 Ishikawa - Methyldopa (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023 31.41[0.80; 2.50]4,256356not evaluable Congenital heart defects De Jonge - Methyldopa, 2013 Fisher - Centrally acting antiadrenergics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 21.12[0.73; 1.72]873151not evaluable Atrial septal defect Fisher - Centrally acting antiadrenergics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 11.18[0.61; 2.27]-59not evaluable Coarctation of aorta Fisher - Centrally acting antiadrenergics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 11.26[0.50; 3.18]-48not evaluable Ebstein's anomaly Fisher - Centrally acting antiadrenergics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 14.01[0.88; 18.28]-45not evaluable Pulmonary valve stenosis Fisher - Centrally acting antiadrenergics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 11.16[0.54; 2.49]-2not evaluable Tetralogy of Fallot Fisher - Centrally acting antiadrenergics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 10.79[0.24; 2.64]-46not evaluable Transposition of the great vessels Fisher - Centrally acting antiadrenergics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 11.16[0.28; 4.83]-45not evaluable Ventricular septal defect Fisher - Centrally acting antiadrenergics (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 11.21[0.46; 3.21]--not evaluable Ano-rectal atresia and stenosis Fisher a - Centrally acting, 2018 11.20[0.37; 3.92]783-not evaluable Anotia Fisher a - Centrally acting, 2018 11.50[0.47; 4.74]628-not evaluable Chromosomal abnormalities Hoeltzenbein - Methyldopa (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2017 11.96[0.12; 31.52]2246not evaluable Cleft palate Fisher a - Centrally acting, 2018 10.90[0.38; 2.11]1,447-not evaluable Congenital constriction bands/amniotic band Fisher a - Centrally acting, 2018 12.20[0.53; 9.20]310-not evaluable Craniosynostosis Fisher a - Centrally acting, 2018 10.80[0.29; 2.22]1,413-not evaluable Diaphragmatic hernia Fisher a - Centrally acting, 2018 10.90[0.24; 3.37]767-not evaluable Digestive system anomalies De Jonge - Methyldopa, 2013 14.66[1.54; 14.08]36255not evaluable Encephalocele Fisher a - Centrally acting, 2018 14.10[1.50; 11.20]206-not evaluable Genital anomalies De Jonge - Methyldopa, 2013 15.37[1.78; 16.21]31455not evaluable Hypospadias Van Zutphen - Centrally acting, 2014 11.42[0.74; 2.72]2,13146not evaluable Limb defects De Jonge - Methyldopa, 2013 11.54[0.09; 24.97]18452not evaluable Nervous system anomalies De Jonge - Methyldopa, 2013 11.36[0.08; 22.08]20852not evaluable Neural Tube Defects Medveczky - Methyldopa, 2004 10.52[0.03; 8.50]1,20231not evaluable Oro-facial clefts De Jonge - Methyldopa, 2013 10.96[0.06; 15.62]29452not evaluable Growth parameters and prematurity Small for gestational age (weight) Welt - Methyldopa, 1981 Mabie - Methyldopa, 1986 Nakhai-Pour - Centrally acting, 2010 Orbach - Methyldopa, 2013 Su - Centrally acting (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Fisher b - Centrally acting (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 Kayser - Methyldopa, 2020 Fitton - Centrally acting (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Al Khalaf - Methyldopa (Controls unexposed, sick), 2022 91.39[0.95; 2.03]11,0032,971not evaluable Preterm (< 37 weeks) Su - Centrally acting (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Orbach - Methyldopa, 2013 Fitton - Centrally acting (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Kayser - Methyldopa, 2020 Al Khalaf - Methyldopa (Controls unexposed, sick), 2022 Vaclavik - Methyldopa, 2024 62.35[1.86; 2.97]9,8664,065not evaluable Low birth weight (< 2500g) Su - Centrally acting (Controls unexposed, sick), 2013 Orbach - Methyldopa, 2013 Fitton - Centrally acting (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Vaclavik - Methyldopa, 2024 42.31[1.45; 3.66]11,0111,700not evaluable Very preterm (28 to 32 weeks) Al Khalaf - Methyldopa (Controls unexposed, sick), 2022 12.26[1.77; 2.88]3031,760not evaluable Maternal consequences Preeclampsia Mabie - Methyldopa, 1986 Weitz - Methyldopa, 1987 Orbach - Methyldopa, 2013 Al Khalaf - Methyldopa (Controls unexposed, sick), 2022 42.46[0.57; 10.50]2,3482,359not evaluable Caesarean Fidler - Methyldopa, 1983 Vaclavik - Methyldopa, 2024 22.11[2.03; 2.20]314,029not evaluable Abruptio placentae (retroplacental hematoma) Hoeltzenbein - Methyldopa (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2017 18.12[0.90; 73.05]5239not evaluable Gestational diabetes Hoeltzenbein - Methyldopa (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2017 12.23[1.36; 3.63]76191not evaluable Neonatal disorders Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 5 min) Fidler - Methyldopa, 1983 Sibai - Methyldopa (Controls unexposed, sick), 1990 Orbach - Methyldopa, 2013 31.27[0.35; 4.60]1,046477not evaluable Neonatal bradycardia Fidler - Methyldopa, 1983 Kayser - Methyldopa, 2020 21.55[0.55; 4.36]54248not evaluable Neonatal disorders (as a whole) Chan - Methyldopa, 2010 Kayser - Methyldopa, 2020 21.61[0.97; 2.70]73224not evaluable Fetal distress Chan - Methyldopa, 2010 11.14[0.29; 4.52]1025not evaluable Jaundice / Icterus Chan - Methyldopa, 2010 11.85[0.48; 7.16]1025not evaluable Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 1 min) Orbach - Methyldopa, 2013 11.95[1.40; 2.71]5,833340not evaluable Low Apgar score (< 7) (NOS) Vaclavik - Methyldopa, 2024 11.36[1.29; 1.44]-1,382not evaluable Neonatal death (< 28 days of life) Redman - Methyldopa, 1976 10.34[0.01; 8.36]1100not evaluable Neonatal hypoglycemia Kayser - Methyldopa, 2020 10.68[0.19; 2.40]16199not evaluable Neonatal medical care Kayser - Methyldopa, 2020 11.52[0.81; 2.83]48199not evaluable Very low Apgar score (< 5) (at 1 min) Sibai - Methyldopa (Controls unexposed, sick), 1990 10.62[0.19; 1.97]1388not evaluable Intrauterine deaths Late intrauterine deaths (> 22 weeks) / Stillbirths Redman - Methyldopa, 1976 Fidler - Methyldopa, 1983 Kayser - Methyldopa, 2020 Al Khalaf - Methyldopa (Controls unexposed, sick), 2022 40.97[0.58; 1.62]902,324not evaluable Early intrauterine deaths (< 22 weeks) / Spontaneous abortions Leather - Methyldopa, 1968 Redman - Methyldopa, 1976 Fidler - Methyldopa, 1983 Hoeltzenbein - Methyldopa (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2017 40.74[0.16; 3.55]60435not evaluable Perinatal death Leather - Methyldopa, 1968 Mabie - Methyldopa, 1986 Weitz - Methyldopa, 1987 Orbach - Methyldopa, 2013 41.79[0.95; 3.37]1,392430not evaluable Elective/induced termination of pregnancy Hoeltzenbein - Methyldopa (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2017 10.35[0.08; 1.44]22261not evaluable Intrauterine deaths (as a whole or unspecified) Weitz - Methyldopa, 1987 10.10[0.00; 2.13]313not evaluable Neuro-developmental disorders Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (3-6 years old) Chan - Methyldopa, 2010 12.75[1.10; 6.87]-25not evaluable Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (> 6 years old) Huisjes - Clonidine, 1986 10.80[0.22; 2.94]1322not evaluable Language disorders/delay Chan - Methyldopa, 2010 11.27[0.52; 3.12]-25not evaluable0.0100.01.0

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