Alprazolam

Table   Graphic  
individual studies
OutcomeTE95% CIn casesn exposedkPub. bias Congenital malformations All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified) Källén, 2013 Noh, 2022 Lee, 2022 31.50[0.96; 2.35]206,5511,999not evaluable Congenital heart defects Källén, 2013 Tinker, 2019 Noh, 2022 31.31[0.74; 2.32]95,8511,987not evaluable Cleft lip with or without cleft palate Tinker, 2019 11.00[0.51; 1.95]3,08649not evaluable Cleft palate Tinker, 2019 11.50[0.71; 3.16]1,57847not evaluable Major congenital malformations Källén, 2013 Noh, 2022 21.53[0.93; 2.51]206,5311,917not evaluable Ano-rectal atresia and stenosis Tinker, 2019 11.10[0.39; 3.11]1,06642not evaluable Eye defects Cifuentes, 2025 12.02[0.74; 5.50]4,185109not evaluable Gastroschisis Tinker, 2019 10.90[0.32; 2.55]1,40042not evaluable Hydrocephaly Tinker, 2019 11.18[0.28; 4.92]51340not evaluable Hypospadias Tinker, 2019 10.30[0.10; 0.90]2,540-not evaluable Neural Tube Defects Tinker, 2019 11.30[0.59; 2.86]2,10546not evaluable Oesophageal atresia with or without tracheo-oesophageal fistula Tinker, 2019 12.70[1.22; 5.99]75346not evaluable Anophthalmos/micropthalmos Tinker, 2019 14.00[1.21; 13.22]23041not evaluable Anotia Tinker, 2019 10.44[0.06; 3.23]68539not evaluable Aortic valve atresia/stenosis Tinker, 2019 11.19[0.29; 4.95]51040not evaluable Atresia or stenosis of other parts of small intestine 0----- Atrial septal defect Tinker, 2019 11.10[0.59; 2.06]3,02550not evaluable Atrioventricular septal defect Tinker, 2019 12.50[0.79; 7.95]36941not evaluable Bilateral renal agenesis including Potter syndrome 0----- Cardiac septal defects Tinker, 2019 10.80[0.41; 1.55]4,67351not evaluable Club foot / Talipes equinovarus 0----- Coarctation of aorta Tinker, 2019 10.53[0.13; 2.18]1,15340not evaluable Congenital cataract Cifuentes, 2025 11.76[0.25; 12.63]1,36194not evaluable Congenital glaucoma Cifuentes, 2025 13.42[0.21; 55.24]35193not evaluable Craniosynostosis Tinker, 2019 10.38[0.09; 1.59]1,57940not evaluable Diaphragmatic hernia Tinker, 2019 10.18[0.01; 2.88]86738not evaluable Ear malformations 0----- Genital anomalies 0----- Limb reduction defects (LRD) 0----- Microcephaly / Small head circumference for gestational age Eros, 2002 1----- Omphalocele Tinker, 2019 11.40[0.34; 5.82]43440not evaluable Oro-facial clefts 0----- Polydactyly 0----- Pulmonary valve stenosis Tinker, 2019 10.80[0.30; 2.12]1,53242not evaluable Spina bifida Tinker, 2019 11.00[0.33; 3.00]1,24142not evaluable Tetralogy of Fallot Tinker, 2019 11.20[0.44; 3.29]1,19643not evaluable Transposition of the great vessels Tinker, 2019 10.20[0.01; 3.26]76538not evaluable Ventricular septal defect Tinker, 2019 11.00[0.40; 2.50]1,64844not evaluable Growth parameters and prematurity Small for gestational age (weight) Meng a (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023 Kelty (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023 22.05[0.57; 7.42]277,48314,187not evaluable Low birth weight (< 2500g) Lee, 2022 Kelty (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023 22.11[0.72; 6.12]32128not evaluable Preterm (< 37 weeks) Lee, 2022 Meng a (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023 21.40[0.81; 2.41]276,19914,220not evaluable Maternal consequences Caesarean Kelty (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023 11.76[0.87; 3.56]5648not evaluable Neonatal disorders Neonatal medical care Kelty (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023 10.94[0.39; 2.26]2848not evaluable Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 1 min) 0----- Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 5 min) 0----- Intrauterine deaths Early intrauterine deaths (< 22 weeks) / Spontaneous abortions Sheehy, 2019 Lee, 2022 Meng b, 2023 31.70[1.22; 2.38]27,201196not evaluable Late intrauterine deaths (> 22 weeks) / Stillbirths Lee, 2022 Meng a (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023 20.99[0.84; 1.16]32,53414,395not evaluable Perinatal death Kelty (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2023 12.01[0.04; 102.91]-48not evaluable0.0100.01.0

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