Clonazepam (Psy and Mixed indications)

Table   Graphic  
individual studies
OutcomeTE95% CIn casesn exposedkPub. bias Congenital malformations All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified) Källén (Indications NOS), 2013 Veiby (Mixed indications), 2014 Noh (Mixed indications), 2022 The NAAED (Indications NOS), 2023 41.04[0.85; 1.27]228,8841,793not evaluable Major congenital malformations Källén (Indications NOS), 2013 Veiby (Mixed indications), 2014 Noh (Mixed indications), 2022 The NAAED (Indications NOS), 2023 41.04[0.85; 1.27]228,8841,793not evaluable Microcephaly / Small head circumference for gestational age Eros (Indications NOS), 2002 Blotière (Indications other than epilepsy), 2019 Christensen (Indications other than epilepsy), 2024 33.19[0.47; 21.76]133,8171,999not evaluable Ano-rectal atresia and stenosis Tinker (Mixed indications), 2019 Blotière (Indications other than epilepsy), 2019 21.16[0.32; 4.18]1,6101,003not evaluable Cleft lip with or without cleft palate Tinker (Mixed indications), 2019 Blotière (Indications other than epilepsy), 2019 20.95[0.39; 2.30]4,7231,007not evaluable Cleft palate Tinker (Mixed indications), 2019 Blotière (Indications other than epilepsy), 2019 21.60[0.67; 3.84]2,7571,006not evaluable Congenital heart defects Tinker (Mixed indications), 2019 Noh (Mixed indications), 2022 21.03[0.80; 1.33]95,8401,498not evaluable Gastroschisis Tinker (Mixed indications), 2019 Blotière (Indications other than epilepsy), 2019 21.12[0.30; 4.14]1,6431,003not evaluable Hypospadias Tinker (Mixed indications), 2019 Blotière (Indications other than epilepsy), 2019 20.83[0.29; 2.37]5,913-not evaluable Oesophageal atresia with or without tracheo-oesophageal fistula Tinker (Mixed indications), 2019 Blotière (Indications other than epilepsy), 2019 21.45[0.24; 8.75]1,1461,002not evaluable Atrial septal defect Tinker (Mixed indications), 2019 Blotière (Indications other than epilepsy), 2019 20.82[0.30; 2.21]6,2951,005not evaluable Atrioventricular septal defect Tinker (Mixed indications), 2019 Blotière (Indications other than epilepsy), 2019 22.68[0.74; 9.72]8981,003not evaluable Bilateral renal agenesis including Potter syndrome Blotière (Indications other than epilepsy), 2019 112.68[0.79; 204.77]75980not evaluable Club foot / Talipes equinovarus Blotière (Indications other than epilepsy), 2019 11.14[0.16; 8.12]1,678980not evaluable Coarctation of aorta Tinker (Mixed indications), 2019 Blotière (Indications other than epilepsy), 2019 20.66[0.13; 3.35]1,9321,002not evaluable Craniosynostosis Tinker (Mixed indications), 2019 Blotière (Indications other than epilepsy), 2019 21.04[0.34; 3.19]2,3451,004not evaluable Diaphragmatic hernia Tinker (Mixed indications), 2019 Blotière (Indications other than epilepsy), 2019 21.02[0.20; 5.18]1,2451,002not evaluable Hydrocephaly Tinker (Mixed indications), 2019 11.07[0.14; 7.98]51322not evaluable Neural Tube Defects Tinker (Mixed indications), 2019 11.30[0.48; 3.49]2,10526not evaluable Omphalocele Tinker (Mixed indications), 2019 Blotière (Indications other than epilepsy), 2019 21.54[0.21; 11.07]7001,001not evaluable Spina bifida Tinker (Mixed indications), 2019 Blotière (Indications other than epilepsy), 2019 21.34[0.44; 4.02]1,8571,004not evaluable Tetralogy of Fallot Tinker (Mixed indications), 2019 Blotière (Indications other than epilepsy), 2019 21.94[0.78; 4.78]1,7811,006not evaluable Ventricular septal defect Tinker (Mixed indications), 2019 Blotière (Indications other than epilepsy), 2019 21.46[0.67; 3.16]6,2951,005not evaluable Anophthalmos/micropthalmos Tinker (Mixed indications), 2019 11.22[0.07; 20.20]23021not evaluable Anotia Tinker (Mixed indications), 2019 12.40[0.71; 8.16]68524not evaluable Aortic valve atresia/stenosis Tinker (Mixed indications), 2019 11.08[0.14; 8.02]51022not evaluable Atresia or stenosis of other parts of small intestine 0----- Bladder exstrophy and/or epispadia Blotière (Indications other than epilepsy), 2019 111.61[0.72; 187.25]82980not evaluable Cardiac septal defects Tinker (Mixed indications), 2019 11.10[0.51; 2.36]4,67331not evaluable Ear malformations 0----- Ebstein's anomaly Blotière (Indications other than epilepsy), 2019 118.96[1.17; 307.53]50980not evaluable Eye defects 0----- Genital anomalies 0----- Hypoplastic left heart (HLH/HLHS) Blotière (Indications other than epilepsy), 2019 14.42[0.28; 70.98]216980not evaluable Hypoplastic right heart (HRH/HRHS) Blotière (Indications other than epilepsy), 2019 114.40[0.89; 232.77]66980not evaluable Limb reduction defects (LRD) 0----- Oro-facial clefts Blotière (Indications other than epilepsy), 2019 10.68[0.10; 4.83]2,816980not evaluable Polydactyly 0----- Pulmonary valve atresia Blotière (Indications other than epilepsy), 2019 16.28[0.39; 100.91]152980not evaluable Pulmonary valve stenosis Tinker (Mixed indications), 2019 11.20[0.46; 3.13]1,53226not evaluable Transposition of the great vessels Tinker (Mixed indications), 2019 11.44[0.34; 6.14]76523not evaluable Growth parameters and prematurity Low birth weight (< 2500g) Coste (Indications other than epilepsy), 2020 Christensen (Indications other than epilepsy), 2024 21.26[0.75; 2.12]232,0552,265not evaluable Small for gestational age (weight) Coste (Indications other than epilepsy), 2020 Christensen (Indications other than epilepsy), 2024 21.29[1.14; 1.45]611,5502,265not evaluable Preterm (< 37 weeks) Kilic (Mixed indications), 2014 Coste (Indications other than epilepsy), 2020 21.46[1.21; 1.77]125,3451,508not evaluable Extremely preterm (< 28 weeks) Coste (Indications other than epilepsy), 2020 10.67[0.09; 4.78]2,0421,246not evaluable Macrosomia (> 4000g) Coste (Indications other than epilepsy), 2020 10.86[0.76; 0.97]577,4751,246not evaluable Very preterm (28 to 32 weeks) Coste (Indications other than epilepsy), 2020 11.44[0.75; 2.78]8,5931,246not evaluable Maternal consequences Caesarean Oberlander (Controls unexposed, sick) (Indications other than epilepsy), 2004 10.92[0.19; 4.43]818not evaluable Neonatal disorders Neonatal medical care Oberlander (Controls unexposed, sick) (Indications other than epilepsy), 2004 11.91[0.53; 6.84]1418not evaluable Low Apgar score (< 7) (at 5 min) Christensen (Mixed indications), 2015 11.47[0.62; 3.50]8,802260not evaluable Neonatal disorders (as a whole) Coste (Indications other than epilepsy), 2020 11.26[1.08; 1.46]222,3981,246not evaluable Long term consequences Child/Infant death (> 28 days of life) Coste (Indications other than epilepsy), 2020 10.58[0.15; 2.34]4,6971,246not evaluable Intrauterine deaths Early intrauterine deaths (< 22 weeks) / Spontaneous abortions Bech (Indications other than epilepsy), 2014 Sheehy (Indications NOS), 2019 21.86[1.56; 2.22]135,482439not evaluable Neuro-developmental disorders ASD (Autism spectrum disorder): Diagnosis Coste (Indications other than epilepsy), 2020 Bjørk (Mixed indications), 2022 21.34[0.95; 1.90]42,7502,428not evaluable ASD (Autism spectrum disorder): Diagnosis/Risk Coste (Indications other than epilepsy), 2020 Bjørk (Mixed indications), 2022 21.34[0.95; 1.90]42,7502,428not evaluable Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (< 3 years old) Oberlander (Controls unexposed, sick) (Indications other than epilepsy), 2004 12.96[0.99; 8.88]-18not evaluable Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (> 6 years old) Bjørk (Mixed indications), 2022 11.76[1.06; 2.92]16,3991,182not evaluable Neuro-developmental disorders (as a whole) Coste (Indications other than epilepsy), 2020 Bjørk (Mixed indications), 2022 21.31[1.03; 1.66]78,3712,428not evaluable Psychomotor developmental disorders/delay Oberlander (Controls unexposed, sick) (Indications other than epilepsy), 2004 10.73[0.25; 2.14]-18not evaluable Severe cognitive developmental delay (Mental retardation) (> 6 years old) Bjørk (Mixed indications), 2022 11.76[1.06; 2.92]16,3991,182not evaluable ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder): Diagnosis Christensen (Indications NOS), 2019 11.43[0.95; 2.16]28,777314not evaluable ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder): Diagnosis/Risk Christensen (Indications NOS), 2019 11.43[0.95; 2.16]27,857314not evaluable Childhood autism (F84.0) Christensen (Indications NOS), 2013 10.90[0.11; 7.37]2,065269not evaluable Cognitive developmental disorders/delay (3-6 years old) Coste (Indications other than epilepsy), 2020 10.60[0.19; 1.85]3,4011,246not evaluable Language disorders/delay Coste (Indications other than epilepsy), 2020 10.90[0.72; 1.13]72,1091,246not evaluable Learning disorders Elkjaer (Indications, NOS), 2018 11.14[1.00; 1.29]-101not evaluable Severe cognitive developmental delay (Mental retardation) (3-6 years old) Coste (Indications other than epilepsy), 2020 10.60[0.19; 1.85]3,4011,246not evaluable0.0100.01.0

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