Ethosuximide (All indications)

All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified)

id	Study   Auto Vajda (Ethosuximide) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2019Vajda (Ethosuximide) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2019Tomson (Ethosuximide), 2018Källén (Ethosuximide) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick) (Indications NOS), 2013Källén (Ethsuximide) (Controls unexposed, NOS) (Indications NOS), 2013Bànhidy (Ethosuximide), 2011Morrow (Ethosuximide) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2006Morrow (Ethosuximide) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2006Kaaja (Ethosuximide), 2003Dean (Ethosuximide), 2002Samrén (Ethosuximide), 1999	Lib. in paper	Exposition period  Auto during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)1st trimester2nd trimester3rd trimester2nd and/or 3rd trimesterthroughout pregnancyearly pregnancydays before deliverylate pregnancypreconception-onlypericonceptionalpreconceptional for kinetic reasonat least 1st trimester3 months (or more) before pregnancy or during pregnancy1st and 2nd trimester3 months or more before pregnancy or1st trimester	Study type  All studies Case control excluded Only case control	Control type    Auto unexposed (general population or NOS)unexposed, sickunexposed, disease freeexposed to other treatment, sicknot specifiedwhatever (meta-analysis)	Tags	OR 95%CI	x1/n1 x0/n0	no cases	no exposed	ROB	Ref.
S9790 R35147	Vajda (Ethosuximide) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2019	Fetal malformations	at least 1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	2.09 [0.11;40.14] C excluded (control group)	0/5   20/406	20	5		ref
S9791 R35148	Vajda (Ethosuximide) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2019	Fetal malformations	at least 1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	3.44 [0.16;72.20] C	0/5   5/176	5	5		ref
S9789 R35052	Tomson (Ethosuximide), 2018	Malformed Offspring	at least 1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick	Adjustment: No	1.42 [0.08;24.39] C	0/12   74/2,514	74	12		ref
S9780 R35025	Källén (Ethosuximide) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick) (Indications NOS), 2013	Relatively severe malformations	early pregnancy	population based cohort retrospective	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	2.57 [0.32;20.45] C excluded (control group)	1/12   37/1,084	38	12		ref
S9781 R35027	Källén (Ethsuximide) (Controls unexposed, NOS) (Indications NOS), 2013	Relatively severe malformations	early pregnancy	population based cohort retrospective	unexposed (general population or NOS)	Adjustment: No	2.80 [0.36;21.71] C	1/12   49,499/1,575,847	49,500	12		ref
S9782 R35116	Bànhidy (Ethosuximide), 2011	Total congenital abnormalities	throughout pregnancy	case control	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No Matched	4.13 [0.18;96.94] C	2/2   12/22	14	2		ref
S9786 R35046	Morrow (Ethosuximide) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2006	Major congenital malformation	1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	1.26 [0.07;22.17] C excluded (control group)	0/12   21/647	21	12		ref
S9787 R35048	Morrow (Ethosuximide) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2006	Major congenital malformation	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	1.12 [0.06;20.58] C	0/12   8/227	8	12		ref
S9783 R35036	Kaaja (Ethosuximide), 2003	Major malformation	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	31.53 [1.02;978.23] C	0/2   2/239	2	2		ref
S9779 R35023	Dean (Ethosuximide), 2002	Congenital malformations (major and minor)	at least 1st trimester	retrospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	1.48 [0.13;16.39] C	1/4   7/38	8	4		ref
S9788 R35050	Samrén (Ethosuximide), 1999	Major congenital abnormalities	at least 1st trimester	retrospective cohort	unexposed, disease free	Adjustment: No Matched	3.93 [0.22;69.67] C	0/9   29/2,000	29	9		ref
					Total	8 studies	2.81 [1.07;7.41]		49,640	58
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

Sensitivity analysis

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 9786, 9780, 9790