Levetiracetam (All indications) updated on 04-22-2025

Hypospadias

id	Study   Auto Kim (Controls exposed to LTG) (Levetiracetam) (Indications NOS), 2026Kim (Controls unexposed, NOS) (Levetiracetam) (Indications NOS), 2026Blotière (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick) (Mixed indications), 2019Blotière (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed NOS) (Mixed indications), 2019Tomson (Levetiracetam), 2018Hernández-Díaz (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy), 2012Morrow (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2006	Lib. in paper	Exposition period  Auto during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)1st trimester2nd trimester3rd trimester2nd and/or 3rd trimesterthroughout pregnancyearly pregnancydays before deliverylate pregnancypreconception-onlypericonceptionalpreconceptional for kinetic reasonat least 1st trimester3 months (or more) before pregnancy or during pregnancy1st and 2nd trimester3 months or more before pregnancy or1st trimesterPaternal exp. genotoxic window only (0–3 months preconception)Paternal exposure: epigenetic window only (3–xxx months preconception)Paternal exposure: genotoxic/epigenetic window (0–xxx months preconception)Paternal exposure: other window	Study type  All studies Case control excluded Only case control	Control type    Auto unexposed (general population or NOS)unexposed, sickunexposed, disease freeexposed to other treatment, sicknot specifiedsiblingwhatever (meta-analysis)	Tags	OR 95%CI	x1/n1 x0/n0	no cases	no exposed	ROB	Ref.
S19322 R81897	Kim (Controls exposed to LTG) (Levetiracetam) (Indications NOS), 2026	Hypospadias	1st trimester	population based cohort retrospective	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	1.33 [0.19;9.44] C excluded (control group)	2/542   2/718	4	542		ref
S19315 R81816	Kim (Controls unexposed, NOS) (Levetiracetam) (Indications NOS), 2026	Hypospadias	1st trimester	population based cohort retrospective	unexposed (general population or NOS)	Adjustment: Yes	19.51 [1.11;341.91]	2/542   2,427/2,489,078	2,429	542		ref
S10170 R37124	Blotière (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick) (Mixed indications), 2019	Hypospadias	1st trimester	retrospective cohort (claims database)	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	0.34 [0.02;6.04] C excluded (control group)	0/579   7/2,997	7	579		ref
S10037 R36209	Blotière (Levetiracetam) (Controls unexposed NOS) (Mixed indications), 2019	Hypospadias	1st trimester	retrospective cohort (claims database)	unexposed (general population or NOS)	Adjustment: No	0.48 [0.03;7.69] C	0/579   3,371/1,875,733	3,371	579		ref
S9010 R30649	Tomson (Levetiracetam), 2018	Hypospadias	at least 1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick	Adjustment: No	0.70 [0.08;5.82] C	1/599   6/2,514	7	599		ref
S8991 R30539	Hernández-Díaz (Levetiracetam) (Epilepsy), 2012	Hypospadias	1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick	Adjustment: No Controls: mixed indications	3.47 [0.07;175.33] C	0/450   0/1,562	0	450		ref
S9002 R30579	Morrow (Levetiracetam) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2006	Hypospadias/genitourinary tract defects	1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick	Adjustment: No	2.29 [0.13;42.00] C	0/22   6/647	6	22		ref
					Total	5 studies	1.79 [0.48;6.63]		5,813	2,192
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

Sensitivity analysis

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 10170, 19322

Umbrella review (other published meta-analyses)