Clonazepam (Epilepsy) updated on 02-10-2025

Congenital heart defects

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S12876
R48646		 Thomas (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2021 Cardiac malformations 1st trimester prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: No 4.62 [0.16;135.60] C
excluded (control group) 		0/4   1/50 1 4
ref
S12877
R48656		 Thomas (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Cardiac malformations 1st trimester prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 4.97 [0.24;103.13] C 0/4   9/340 9 4
ref
S6494
R17797		 Bànhidy (Epilepsy), 2011 Cardiovascular congenital abnormalities throughout pregnancy case control unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Matched 0.70 [0.02;20.91] C 0/1   5/15 5 1
ref
S6067
R15785		 Morrow (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2006 Cardiac 1st trimester prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: No 8.40 [0.42;168.55] C 0/9   4/647 4 9
ref
S6688
R18671		 D'Souza (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 1991 Heart disease throughout pregnancy prospective cohort unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: No Matched 123.00 [1.00;15058.31] C
excluded (control group) 		0/1   0/62 0 1
ref
S6696
R18832		 D'Souza (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 Heart disease throughout pregnancy prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 4.33 [0.06;320.42] C 0/1   1/8 1 1
ref
Total 4 studies 3.57 [0.68;18.88] 19 15
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Thomas (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021Thomas, 2021 1 4.97[0.24; 103.13]9430%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Bànhidy (Epilepsy), 2011Bànhidy, 2011 2 0.70[0.02; 20.91]5124%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: lowROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Morrow (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2006Morrow, 2006 3 8.40[0.42; 168.55]4931%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: moderateROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate D'Souza (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991D'Souza, 1991 4 4.33[0.06; 320.42]1115%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: unclearROB classification: lowROB missing: unclearROB mesure: lowROB reporting: moderate Total (4 studies) I2 = 0% 3.57[0.68; 18.88]19150.220.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

1: Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick; 2: Epilepsy; 3: Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick; 4: Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick;

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 5.99[0.89; 40.45]14140%NAThomas (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Morrow (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2006 D'Souza (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 3 case control studiescase control studies 0.70[0.02; 20.91]51 -NABànhidy (Epilepsy), 2011 1 Type of controls unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 2.44[0.33; 18.07]1560%NAThomas (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Bànhidy (Epilepsy), 2011 D'Souza (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 3 exposed to other treatment, sickexposed to other treatment, sick 8.40[0.42; 168.55]49 -NAMorrow (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2006 1 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 3.57[0.68; 18.88]19150%NAThomas (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Bànhidy (Epilepsy), 2011 Morrow (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2006 D'Souza (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 4 MatchedMatched 0.70[0.02; 20.91]51 -NABànhidy (Epilepsy), 2011 1 All studiesAll studies 3.57[0.68; 18.88]19150%NAThomas (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Bànhidy (Epilepsy), 2011 Morrow (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2006 D'Souza (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 40.220.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot
0.0-5.26.42.6350.000Thomas (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021Bànhidy (Epilepsy), 2011Morrow (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2006D'Souza (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot
0.01.00.01.0

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 6688, 12876

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) Out of scale123.00[1.00; 15058.31]-1 -NAD'Souza (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 1991 1 unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls 2.44[0.33; 18.07]1560%NAThomas (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021 Bànhidy (Epilepsy), 2011 D'Souza (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991 3 exposed to other treatment, sick controlsexposed to other treatment, sick controls 6.45[0.68; 60.82]5130%NAThomas (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2021 Morrow (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2006 20.510.01.0