Clonazepam (Epilepsy) updated on 02-10-2025

Microcephaly / Small head circumference for gestational age

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S16082
R66739		 Christensen (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2024 Microcephaly (z-score for head circumference ≤3rd percentile for gestational week, sex, and country (including newborns with congenital malformations)) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) population based cohort retrospective exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: No 0.93 [0.47;1.84] C
excluded (control group) 		9/339   151/5,299 160 339
ref
S16032
R66550		 Christensen (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, general population), 2024 Microcephaly (z-score for head circumference ≤3rd percentile for gestational week, sex, and country (including newborns with congenital malformations)) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) population based cohort retrospective unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes 0.76 [0.38;1.55] 9/339   699/22,227 708 339
ref
S6778
R19140		 Díaz-Romero (Epilepsy), 1999 Head circumference <2 SD at birth (measured by a physician and correlated with sex and with gestational age) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No 15.00 [0.12;1923.88] C 0/1   0/8 0 1
ref
Total 2 studies 1.23 [0.14;10.66] 708 340
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Christensen (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, general population), 2024Christensen, 2024 1 0.76[0.38; 1.55]70833984%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: lowROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: unclearROB reporting: moderate Díaz-Romero (Epilepsy), 1999Díaz-Romero, 1999 2 15.00[0.12; 1923.88]0116%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Total (2 studies) I2 = 30% 1.23[0.14; 10.66]7083400.250.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

1: Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, general population; 2: Epilepsy;

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 1.23[0.14; 10.66]70834030%NAChristensen (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, general population), 2024 Díaz-Romero (Epilepsy), 1999 2 case control studiescase control studies 0 Type of controls unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 1.23[0.14; 10.66]70834030%NAChristensen (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, general population), 2024 Díaz-Romero (Epilepsy), 1999 2 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 15.00[0.12; 1923.88]-1 -NADíaz-Romero (Epilepsy), 1999 1   - Yes  - Yes 0.76[0.38; 1.53]708339 -NAChristensen (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, general population), 2024 1 All studiesAll studies 1.23[0.14; 10.66]70834030%NAChristensen (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, general population), 2024 Díaz-Romero (Epilepsy), 1999 20.250.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 16082

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls 1.23[0.14; 10.66]70834030%NAChristensen (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, general population), 2024 Díaz-Romero (Epilepsy), 1999 2 exposed to other treatment, sick controlsexposed to other treatment, sick controls 0.93[0.47; 1.84]160339 -NAChristensen (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2024 10.510.01.0