Carbamazepine (Epilepsy)

Major congenital malformations

R analysis

id	Study	Lib. in paper	Exposition period	Study type All studies Case control excluded Only case control	Control type	Tags	OR 95%CI	x1/n1 x0/n0	no cases	no exposed	ROB	Ref.
S15365 R63213	Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023	Major congenital anomaly	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	2.75 [0.44;17.33] ^C excluded (control group)	2/27 3/106	5	27		ref
S15366 R63226	Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023	Major congenital anomaly	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	2.05 [0.32;13.00] ^C excluded (exposition period)	2/27 3/80	5	27		ref
S15266 R62751	Li (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023	Major congenital malformation	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	9.55 [0.47;192.46] ^C excluded (control group)	3/31 0/38	3	31		ref
S15851 R65258	Li (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023	Major congenital malformation	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	3.77 [0.92;15.39] ^C excluded (exposition period)	3/31 7/253	10	31		ref
S12675 R47896	Mari (Carbamazepine), 2022	Major foetal malformation	throughout pregnancy	retrospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick	Adjustment: No	1.15 [0.04;30.40] ^C	1/29 0/11	1	29		ref
S12684 R47920	Alsfouk (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2021	Major congenital malformation	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	retrospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	1.25 [0.21;7.34] ^C excluded (control group)	5/31 2/15	7	31		ref
S12681 R47917	Alsfouk (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021	Major congenital malformation	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	retrospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	5.58 [0.61;50.91] ^C excluded (exposition period)	5/31 1/30	6	31		ref
S12901 R48932	Hosny (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2021	Major birth defects	1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	0.05 [0.00;3.56] ^C excluded (control group)	1/31 0/1	1	31		ref
S12902 R48935	Hosny (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021	Major birth defects	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	0.67 [0.04;11.29] ^C	1/31 1/21	2	31		ref
S12854 R48473	Thomas (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2021	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	2.41 [0.32;18.26] ^C excluded (control group)	23/490 1/50	24	490		ref
S7543 R22586	Thomas (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2021	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, disease free excluded	Adjustment: No	1.57 [0.77;3.20] excluded (control group)	21/389 11/319	32	389		ref
S12855 R48483	Thomas (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: Yes	0.99 [0.50;1.80]	23/490 16/340	39	490		ref
S8001 R24370	AlSheikh (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2020	Fetal/neonatal malformation	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	16.71 [0.56;499.27] ^C excluded (control group)	1/5 0/20	1	5		ref
S8002 R24372	AlSheikh (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020	Fetal/neonatal malformation	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	1.75 [0.08;36.29] ^C excluded (exposition period)	1/5 1/8	2	5		ref
S7504 R22449	Meador (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2020	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	1.62 [0.17;14.92] ^C excluded (control group)	1/14 5/110	6	14		ref
S7496 R22425	Meador (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2020	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, disease free excluded	Adjustment: No	4.00 [0.34;47.23] ^C excluded (control group)	1/14 2/106	3	14		ref
S7499 R22434	Meador (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	1.08 [0.06;19.05] ^C	1/14 1/15	2	14		ref
S7510 R27735	Huber-Mollema (Carbamazepine), 2019	Congenital malformations	throughout pregnancy	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick	Adjustment: No	2.55 [0.60;10.78] ^C	4/37 4/88	8	37		ref
S7771 R22980	Vajda (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2019	Fetal malformations	at least 1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	1.20 [0.65;2.21] ^C excluded (control group)	24/409 20/406	44	409		ref
S7770 R22979	Vajda (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2019	Fetal malformations	at least 1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	2.07 [0.80;5.33]	24/409 5/176	29	409		ref
S382 R16392	Tomson (Carbamazepine), 2018	Major congenital malformation	at least 1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick	Adjustment: No	1.91 [1.41;2.58] ^C	107/1,957 74/2,514	181	1,957		ref
S10283 R37626	Razaz (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2017	Major malformations	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	population based cohort retrospective	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	1.42 [0.78;2.61] ^C excluded (control group)	22/360 22/503	44	360		ref
S10284 R37627	Razaz (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2017	Major malformations	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	population based cohort retrospective	unexposed, disease free excluded	Adjustment: No	1.92 [1.25;2.96] ^C excluded (control group)	22/360 46,632/1,424,279	46,654	360		ref
S10285 R37628	Razaz (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017	Major malformations	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	population based cohort retrospective	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	1.33 [0.82;2.16] ^C excluded (exposition period)	22/360 87/1,868	109	360		ref
S6253 R16653	Arkilo (Carbamazepine), 2015	Major malformations	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	retrospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick	Adjustment: No	1.39 [0.03;73.79] ^C excluded (exposition period)	0/16 0/22	0	16		ref
S314 R19000	Barroso (Carbamazepine), 2015	Major anomalies	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	retrospective cohort	unexposed, disease free	Adjustment: No	1.35 [0.17;10.95] ^C excluded (exposition period)	1/12 20/316	21	12		ref
S6961 R19694	Vanya (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2015	Major congenital malformations	throughout pregnancy	retrospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	1.94 [0.07;56.76] ^C excluded (control group)	1/10 0/6	1	10		ref
S6960 R19693	Vanya (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015	Major congenital malformations	throughout pregnancy	retrospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	6.88 [0.25;186.69] ^C	1/10 0/20	1	10		ref
S6290 R25943	Campbell (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2014	Major malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	1.10 [0.70;1.70] excluded (control group)	43/1,657 49/2,098	92	1,657		ref
S8233 R25968	Campbell (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014	Major malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	1.08 [0.58;2.03] ^C	43/1,657 13/541	56	1,657		ref
S6318 R17140	Veiby (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2014	Major malformations	throughout pregnancy	population based cohort retrospective	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	0.66 [0.35;1.27] ^C excluded (control group)	16/613 23/593	39	613		ref
S6319 R17141	Veiby (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2014	Major malformations	throughout pregnancy	population based cohort retrospective	unexposed, disease free excluded	Adjustment: Yes	1.06 [0.64;1.74] excluded (control group)	16/613 22,371/771,412	22,387	613		ref
S6320 R17142	Veiby (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014	Major malformations	throughout pregnancy	population based cohort retrospective	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	0.93 [0.54;1.58] ^C	16/613 106/3,773	122	613		ref
S6526 R17980	Cassina (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2013	Major congenital anomalies	1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	3.00 [0.16;56.32] ^C excluded (control group)	5/88 0/23	5	88		ref
S6522 R17976	Cassina (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2013	Major congenital anomalies	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, disease free	Adjustment: No	1.87 [0.70;5.03] ^C	5/88 25/803	30	88		ref
S5937 R15199	Hernández-Díaz (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2012	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No Controls: mixed indications	1.10 [0.60;2.20] excluded (control group)	-/- -/-	-	-		ref
S7930 R24002	Hernández-Díaz (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2012	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, disease free	Adjustment: No	2.70 [1.00;7.00]	31/1,033 5/442	36	1,033		ref
S5483 R17717	Bànhidy (Carbamazepine), 2011	Total congenital abnormalities	throughout pregnancy	case control	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No Matched	0.67 [0.19;2.33] ^C	8/18 12/22	20	18		ref
S8137 R24992	Charlton (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2011	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	retrospective cohort (claims database)	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	1.38 [0.39;4.95] ^C excluded (control group)	13/311 3/98	16	311		ref
S331 R24960	Charlton (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2011	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	retrospective cohort (claims database)	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	1.71 [0.87;3.36]	13/311 22/902	35	311		ref
S9845 R35318	Mawer (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2010	Major malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	0.55 [0.07;4.05] ^C excluded (control group)	2/66 2/37	4	66		ref
S9846 R35324	Mawer (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2010	Major malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, disease free excluded	Adjustment: No Matched	1.45 [0.23;7.37] excluded (control group)	2/66 6/285	8	66		ref
S9847 R35330	Mawer (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2010	Major malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	1.25 [0.11;14.24] ^C	2/66 1/41	3	66		ref
S7181 R20252	Kini (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2006	Major malformations	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	retrospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	1.36 [0.36;5.23] excluded (exposition period)	5/94 4/101	9	94		ref
S5498 R17506	Meador (Carbamazepine), 2006	Congenital malformations	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick	Adjustment: No	4.62 [0.53;40.24] ^C excluded (exposition period)	5/110 1/98	6	110		ref
S5529 R15261	Viinikainen (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick) a, 2006	Major malformations	throughout pregnancy	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	5.26 [0.27;104.15] ^C	3/72 0/52	3	72		ref
S313 R18997	Barqawi (Carbamazepine), 2005	Major congenital anomalies	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	1.13 [0.02;60.37] ^C excluded (exposition period)	0/16 0/18	0	16		ref
S362 R14546	Kaaja (Carbamazepine), 2003	Major malformation	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	3.36 [0.73;15.46] ^C	10/363 2/239	12	363		ref
S336 R18020	Dean (Carbamazepine), 2002	Major congenital malformations	at least 1st trimester	retrospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	2.32 [0.47;11.54] ^C	8/70 2/38	10	70		ref
S5578 R16255	Diav-Citrin (Carbamazepine), 2001	Major congenital anomalies (among live born and elective termination of pregnancy)	at least 1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed (general population or NOS)	Adjustment: No Matched	1.98 [0.62;6.30] ^C	6/100 6/192	12	100		ref
S5863 R14569	Holmes (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2001	Major malformations	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	retrospective cohort	unexposed, disease free excluded	Adjustment: Yes	3.00 [0.60;16.00] excluded (control group)	3/58 9/508	12	58		ref
S5864 R14577	Holmes (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2001	Major malformations	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	retrospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	12.52 [0.63;246.98] ^C excluded (exposition period)	3/58 0/98	3	58		ref
S6926 R19479	Hvas (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2000	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	retrospective cohort	unexposed, disease free excluded	Adjustment: No	4.81 [1.15;20.08] ^C excluded (control group)	2/37 280/23,827	282	37		ref
S356 R19474	Hvas (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2000	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	retrospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	15.29 [0.72;326.31] ^C	2/37 0/106	2	37		ref
S6509 R26571	Canger (Carbamazepine), 1999	Severe malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	3.48 [0.19;63.08] ^C	7/113 0/25	7	113		ref
S6715 R18988	Samrén (Carbamazepine), 1999	Major congential abnormalities	at least 1st trimester	retrospective cohort	unexposed, disease free	Adjustment: No Matched	2.60 [1.40;5.00]	14/376 29/2,000	43	376		ref
S5518 R18978	Steegers-Theunissen (Carbamazepine), 1994	Major malformations (ICD9 British Paediatric Association System)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	prospective cohort	unexposed, disease free	Adjustment: No	2.81 [0.38;20.68] ^C excluded (exposition period)	2/39 2/106	4	39		ref
S6164 R16216	Robert (Carbamazepine), 1986	Major malformations	1st trimester	retrospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	13.80 [0.22;853.65] ^C	0/3 0/35	0	3		ref
					Total	23 studies	1.65 [1.38;1.98]		654	7,897
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; ^C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

1: Carbamazepine; 2: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick; 3: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick; 4: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick; 5: Carbamazepine; 6: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick; 7: Carbamazepine; 8: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick; 9: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick; 10: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick; 11: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free; 12: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free; 13: Carbamazepine; 14: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick; 15: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick; 16: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick) ; 17: Carbamazepine; 18: Carbamazepine; 19: Carbamazepine; 20: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick; 21: Carbamazepine; 22: Carbamazepine; 23: Carbamazepine;

Sensitivity analysis

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot

Asymetry test p-value = 0.2516 (by Egger's regression)

slope=0.3750 (0.1471); intercept=0.3632 (0.3345); t=1.0857; p=0.2516

p values plot

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 6926, 5863, 9845, 9846, 8137, 5937, 6526, 6290, 6318, 6319, 6961, 10283, 10284, 7771, 8001, 7504, 7496, 12684, 12901, 12854, 7543, 15365, 15266

S15365 R63213	Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023	Major congenital anomaly (68)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	exposed to other treatment, sick	2.75 [0.44;17.33]	2/27 3/106
S15366 R63226	Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023	Major congenital anomaly (68)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, sick	2.05 [0.32;13.00]	2/27 3/80
S15266 R62751	Li (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023	Major congenital malformation (68)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	exposed to other treatment, sick	9.55 [0.47;192.46]	3/31 0/38
S15851 R65258	Li (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023	Major congenital malformation (68)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, sick	3.77 [0.92;15.39]	3/31 7/253
S12675 R47896	Mari (Carbamazepine), 2022	Major foetal malformation (68)	throughout pregnancy	exposed to other treatment, sick	1.15 [0.04;30.40]	1/29 0/11
S12684 R47920	Alsfouk (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2021	Major congenital malformation (68)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	exposed to other treatment, sick	1.25 [0.21;7.34]	5/31 2/15
S12681 R47917	Alsfouk (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021	Major congenital malformation (68)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, sick	5.58 [0.61;50.91]	5/31 1/30
S12901 R48932	Hosny (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2021	Major birth defects (68)	1st trimester	exposed to other treatment, sick	0.05 [0.00;3.56]	1/31 0/1
S12902 R48935	Hosny (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021	Major birth defects (68)	1st trimester	unexposed, sick	0.67 [0.04;11.29]	1/31 1/21
S12854 R48473	Thomas (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2021	Major congenital malformations (68)	1st trimester	exposed to other treatment, sick	2.41 [0.32;18.26]	23/490 1/50
S7543 R22586	Thomas (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2021	Major congenital malformations (68)	1st trimester	unexposed, disease free	1.57 [0.77;3.20]	21/389 11/319
S12855 R48483	Thomas (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021	Major congenital malformations (68)	1st trimester	unexposed, sick	0.99 [0.50;1.80]	23/490 16/340
S8001 R24370	AlSheikh (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2020	Fetal/neonatal malformation (68)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	exposed to other treatment, sick	16.71 [0.56;499.27]	1/5 0/20
S8002 R24372	AlSheikh (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020	Fetal/neonatal malformation (68)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, sick	1.75 [0.08;36.29]	1/5 1/8
S7504 R22449	Meador (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2020	Major congenital malformations (68)	1st trimester	exposed to other treatment, sick	1.62 [0.17;14.92]	1/14 5/110
S7496 R22425	Meador (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2020	Major congenital malformations (68)	1st trimester	unexposed, disease free	4.00 [0.34;47.23]	1/14 2/106
S7499 R22434	Meador (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020	Major congenital malformations (68)	1st trimester	unexposed, sick	1.08 [0.06;19.05]	1/14 1/15
S7510 R27735	Huber-Mollema (Carbamazepine), 2019	Congenital malformations (68)	throughout pregnancy	exposed to other treatment, sick	2.55 [0.60;10.78]	4/37 4/88
S7771 R22980	Vajda (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2019	Fetal malformations (68)	at least 1st trimester	exposed to other treatment, sick	1.20 [0.65;2.21]	24/409 20/406
S7770 R22979	Vajda (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2019	Fetal malformations (68)	at least 1st trimester	unexposed, sick	2.07 [0.80;5.33]	24/409 5/176
S382 R16392	Tomson (Carbamazepine), 2018	Major congenital malformation (68)	at least 1st trimester	exposed to other treatment, sick	1.91 [1.41;2.58]	107/1957 74/2514
S10283 R37626	Razaz (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2017	Major malformations (68)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	exposed to other treatment, sick	1.42 [0.78;2.61]	22/360 22/503
S10284 R37627	Razaz (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2017	Major malformations (68)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, disease free	1.92 [1.25;2.96]	22/360 46632/1424279
S10285 R37628	Razaz (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017	Major malformations (68)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, sick	1.33 [0.82;2.16]	22/360 87/1868
S6253 R16653	Arkilo (Carbamazepine), 2015	Major malformations (68)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	exposed to other treatment, sick	1.39 [0.03;73.79]	0/16 0/22
S314 R19000	Barroso (Carbamazepine), 2015	Major anomalies (68)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, disease free	1.35 [0.17;10.95]	1/12 20/316
S6961 R19694	Vanya (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2015	Major congenital malformations (68)	throughout pregnancy	exposed to other treatment, sick	1.94 [0.07;56.76]	1/10 0/6
S6960 R19693	Vanya (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015	Major congenital malformations (68)	throughout pregnancy	unexposed, sick	6.88 [0.25;186.69]	1/10 0/20
S6290 R25943	Campbell (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2014	Major malformations (68)	1st trimester	exposed to other treatment, sick	1.10 [0.70;1.70]	43/1657 49/2098
S8233 R25968	Campbell (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014	Major malformations (68)	1st trimester	unexposed, sick	1.08 [0.58;2.03]	43/1657 13/541
S6318 R17140	Veiby (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2014	Major malformations (68)	throughout pregnancy	exposed to other treatment, sick	0.66 [0.35;1.27]	16/613 23/593
S6319 R17141	Veiby (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2014	Major malformations (68)	throughout pregnancy	unexposed, disease free	1.06 [0.64;1.74]	16/613 22371/771412
S6320 R17142	Veiby (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014	Major malformations (68)	throughout pregnancy	unexposed, sick	0.93 [0.54;1.58]	16/613 106/3773
S6526 R17980	Cassina (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2013	Major congenital anomalies (68)	1st trimester	exposed to other treatment, sick	3.00 [0.16;56.32]	5/88 0/23
S6522 R17976	Cassina (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2013	Major congenital anomalies (68)	1st trimester	unexposed, disease free	1.87 [0.70;5.03]	5/88 25/803
S5937 R15199	Hernández-Díaz (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2012	Major congenital malformations (68)	1st trimester	exposed to other treatment, sick	1.10 [0.60;2.20]	-9/-9 -9/-9
S7930 R24002	Hernández-Díaz (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2012	Major congenital malformations (68)	1st trimester	unexposed, disease free	2.70 [1.00;7.00]	31/1033 5/442
S5483 R17717	Bànhidy (Carbamazepine), 2011	Total congenital abnormalities (68)	throughout pregnancy	unexposed, sick	0.67 [0.19;2.33]	8/18 12/22
S8137 R24992	Charlton (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2011	Major congenital malformations (68)	1st trimester	exposed to other treatment, sick	1.38 [0.39;4.95]	13/311 3/98
S331 R24960	Charlton (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2011	Major congenital malformations (68)	1st trimester	unexposed, sick	1.71 [0.87;3.36]	13/311 22/902
S9845 R35318	Mawer (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2010	Major malformations (68)	1st trimester	exposed to other treatment, sick	0.55 [0.07;4.05]	2/66 2/37
S9846 R35324	Mawer (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2010	Major malformations (68)	1st trimester	unexposed, disease free	1.45 [0.23;7.37]	2/66 6/285
S9847 R35330	Mawer (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2010	Major malformations (68)	1st trimester	unexposed, sick	1.25 [0.11;14.24]	2/66 1/41
S7181 R20252	Kini (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2006	Major malformations (68)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, sick	1.36 [0.36;5.23]	5/94 4/101
S5498 R17506	Meador (Carbamazepine), 2006	Congenital malformations (68)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	exposed to other treatment, sick	4.62 [0.53;40.24]	5/110 1/98
S5529 R15261	Viinikainen (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick) a, 2006	Major malformations (68)	throughout pregnancy	unexposed, sick	5.26 [0.27;104.15]	3/72 0/52
S313 R18997	Barqawi (Carbamazepine), 2005	Major congenital anomalies (68)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, sick	1.13 [0.02;60.37]	0/16 0/18
S362 R14546	Kaaja (Carbamazepine), 2003	Major malformation (68)	1st trimester	unexposed, sick	3.36 [0.73;15.46]	10/363 2/239
S336 R18020	Dean (Carbamazepine), 2002	Major congenital malformations (68)	at least 1st trimester	unexposed, sick	2.32 [0.47;11.54]	8/70 2/38
S5578 R16255	Diav-Citrin (Carbamazepine), 2001	Major congenital anomalies (among live born and elective termination of pregnancy) (68)	at least 1st trimester	unexposed (general population or NOS)	1.98 [0.62;6.30]	6/100 6/192
S5863 R14569	Holmes (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2001	Major malformations (68)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, disease free	3.00 [0.60;16.00]	3/58 9/508
S5864 R14577	Holmes (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2001	Major malformations (68)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, sick	12.52 [0.63;246.98]	3/58 0/98
S6926 R19479	Hvas (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2000	Major congenital malformations (68)	1st trimester	unexposed, disease free	4.81 [1.15;20.08]	2/37 280/23827
S356 R19474	Hvas (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2000	Major congenital malformations (68)	1st trimester	unexposed, sick	15.29 [0.72;326.31]	2/37 0/106
S6509 R26571	Canger (Carbamazepine), 1999	Severe malformations (68)	1st trimester	unexposed, sick	3.48 [0.19;63.08]	7/113 0/25
S6715 R18988	Samrén (Carbamazepine), 1999	Major congential abnormalities (68)	at least 1st trimester	unexposed, disease free	2.60 [1.40;5.00]	14/376 29/2000
S5518 R18978	Steegers-Theunissen (Carbamazepine), 1994	Major malformations (ICD9 British Paediatric Association System) (68)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, disease free	2.81 [0.38;20.68]	2/39 2/106
S6164 R16216	Robert (Carbamazepine), 1986	Major malformations (68)	1st trimester	unexposed, sick	13.80 [0.22;853.65]	0/3 0/35