Carbamazepine (Epilepsy)

All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified)

R analysis

id	Study	Lib. in paper	Exposition period	Study type All studies Case control excluded Only case control	Control type	Tags	OR 95%CI	x1/n1 x0/n0	no cases	no exposed	ROB	Ref.
S15365 R63212	Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023	Any congenital anomaly	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	1.08 [0.28;4.18] ^C excluded (control group)	3/27 11/106	14	27		ref
S15366 R63225	Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023	Any congenital anomaly	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	2.38 [0.50;11.37] ^C excluded (exposition period)	3/27 4/80	7	27		ref
S15266 R62761	Li (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023	Major congenital malformation	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	9.55 [0.47;192.46] ^C excluded (control group)	3/31 0/38	3	31		ref
S15851 R65259	Li (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023	Major congenital malformation	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	3.77 [0.92;15.39] ^C excluded (exposition period)	3/31 7/253	10	31		ref
S15834 R65196	Pekoz (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023	Congenital malformations (major and minor)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	3.14 [0.83;11.84] ^C excluded (control group)	9/141 3/141	12	141		ref
S15835 R65197	Pekoz (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023	Congenital malformations (major and minor)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	2.86 [0.35;23.27] ^C excluded (exposition period)	9/141 1/43	10	141		ref
S12675 R48877	Mari (Carbamazepine), 2022	Major foetal malformation	throughout pregnancy	retrospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick	Adjustment: No	1.15 [0.04;30.40] ^C	1/29 0/11	1	29		ref
S12684 R48876	Alsfouk (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2021	Major congenital malformation	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	retrospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	1.25 [0.21;7.34] ^C excluded (control group)	5/31 2/15	7	31		ref
S12681 R48875	Alsfouk (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021	Major congenital malformation	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	retrospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	5.58 [0.61;50.91] ^C excluded (exposition period)	5/31 1/30	6	31		ref
S12901 R48934	Hosny (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2021	Major birth defects	1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	0.02 [0.00;1.59] ^C excluded (control group)	1/67 0/1	1	67		ref
S12902 R48937	Hosny (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021	Major birth defects	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	0.67 [0.04;11.29] ^C	1/31 1/21	2	31		ref
S12854 R48474	Thomas (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2021	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	2.41 [0.32;18.26] ^C excluded (control group)	23/490 1/50	24	490		ref
S7543 R26888	Thomas (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2021	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, disease free excluded	Adjustment: No	1.57 [0.77;3.20] excluded (control group)	21/389 11/319	32	389		ref
S12855 R48484	Thomas (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: Yes	0.99 [0.50;1.80]	23/490 16/340	39	490		ref
S8001 R26856	AlSheikh (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2020	Fetal/neonatal malformation	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	16.71 [0.56;499.27] ^C excluded (control group)	1/5 0/20	1	5		ref
S8002 R26855	AlSheikh (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020	Fetal/neonatal malformation	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	1.75 [0.08;36.29] ^C excluded (exposition period)	1/5 1/8	2	5		ref
S8082 R24685	Aydin (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2020	Congenital chromosomal/structural anomalies	throughout pregnancy	retrospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	0.45 [0.01;25.16] ^C excluded (control group)	0/15 0/7	0	15		ref
S8074 R24633	Aydin (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020	Congenital chromosomal/structural anomalies	throughout pregnancy	retrospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	1.48 [0.03;79.05] ^C	0/15 0/22	0	15		ref
S7504 R26881	Meador (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2020	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	1.62 [0.17;14.92] ^C excluded (control group)	1/14 5/110	6	14		ref
S7496 R26882	Meador (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2020	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, disease free excluded	Adjustment: No	4.00 [0.34;47.23] ^C excluded (control group)	1/14 2/106	3	14		ref
S7499 R26883	Meador (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	1.08 [0.06;19.05] ^C	1/14 1/15	2	14		ref
S7510 R27738	Huber-Mollema (Carbamazepine), 2019	Congenital malformations	throughout pregnancy	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick	Adjustment: No	2.55 [0.60;10.78] ^C	4/37 4/88	8	37		ref
S7771 R35189	Vajda (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2019	Fetal malformations	at least 1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	1.20 [0.65;2.21] ^C excluded (control group)	24/409 20/406	44	409		ref
S7770 R35190	Vajda (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2019	Fetal malformations	at least 1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	2.07 [0.80;5.33]	24/409 5/176	29	409		ref
S382 R26889	Tomson (Carbamazepine), 2018	Major congenital malformation	at least 1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick	Adjustment: No	1.91 [1.41;2.58] ^C	107/1,957 74/2,514	181	1,957		ref
S10283 R37643	Razaz (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2017	Major malformations	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	population based cohort retrospective	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	1.42 [0.78;2.61] ^C excluded (control group)	22/360 22/503	44	360		ref
S10284 R37644	Razaz (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2017	Major malformations	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	population based cohort retrospective	unexposed, disease free excluded	Adjustment: No	1.92 [1.25;2.96] ^C excluded (control group)	22/360 46,632/1,424,279	46,654	360		ref
S10285 R37645	Razaz (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017	Major malformations	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	population based cohort retrospective	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	1.33 [0.82;2.16] ^C excluded (exposition period)	22/360 87/1,868	109	360		ref
S6253 R26857	Arkilo (Carbamazepine), 2015	Major malformations	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	retrospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick	Adjustment: No	1.39 [0.03;73.79] ^C excluded (exposition period)	0/16 0/22	0	16		ref
S314 R30019	Barroso (Carbamazepine), 2015	Major anomalies	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	retrospective cohort	unexposed, disease free	Adjustment: No	1.35 [0.17;10.95] ^C excluded (exposition period)	1/12 20/316	21	12		ref
S6961 R26890	Vanya (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2015	Major congenital malformations	throughout pregnancy	retrospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	1.94 [0.07;56.76] ^C excluded (control group)	1/10 0/6	1	10		ref
S6960 R26891	Vanya (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015	Major congenital malformations	throughout pregnancy	retrospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	6.88 [0.25;186.69] ^C	1/10 0/20	1	10		ref
S6290 R26858	Campbell (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2014	Major malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	1.10 [0.70;1.70] excluded (control group)	43/1,657 49/2,098	92	1,657		ref
S8233 R26859	Campbell (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014	Major malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	1.08 [0.58;2.03] ^C	43/1,657 13/541	56	1,657		ref
S6318 R26892	Veiby (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2014	Major malformations	throughout pregnancy	population based cohort retrospective	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	0.66 [0.35;1.27] ^C excluded (control group)	16/613 23/593	39	613		ref
S6319 R26893	Veiby (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2014	Major malformations	throughout pregnancy	population based cohort retrospective	unexposed, disease free excluded	Adjustment: Yes	1.06 [0.64;1.74] excluded (control group)	16/613 22,371/771,412	22,387	613		ref
S6320 R26894	Veiby (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014	Major malformations	throughout pregnancy	population based cohort retrospective	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	0.93 [0.54;1.58] ^C	16/613 106/3,773	122	613		ref
S6526 R26860	Cassina (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2013	Major congenital anomalies	1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	3.00 [0.16;56.32] ^C excluded (control group)	5/88 0/23	5	88		ref
S6522 R26861	Cassina (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2013	Major congenital anomalies	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, disease free	Adjustment: No	1.87 [0.70;5.03] ^C	5/88 25/803	30	88		ref
S6995 R19844	Arteaga-Vázquez (Carbamazepine), 2012	Congenital malformations	1st trimester	case control	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	1.52 [0.58;3.98] ^C	12/32 13/46	25	32		ref
S5937 R26867	Hernández-Díaz (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2012	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No Controls: mixed indications	1.10 [0.60;2.20] excluded (control group)	-/- -/-	-	-		ref
S7930 R26868	Hernández-Díaz (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2012	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, disease free	Adjustment: No	2.70 [1.00;7.00]	31/1,033 5/442	36	1,033		ref
S5483 R35113	Bànhidy (Carbamazepine), 2011	Total congenital abnormalities	throughout pregnancy	case control	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No Matched	0.67 [0.19;2.33] ^C	8/18 12/22	20	18		ref
S8137 R26862	Charlton (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2011	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	retrospective cohort (claims database)	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	1.38 [0.39;4.95] ^C excluded (control group)	13/311 3/98	16	311		ref
S331 R26863	Charlton (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2011	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	retrospective cohort (claims database)	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	1.71 [0.87;3.36]	13/311 22/902	35	311		ref
S9845 R35319	Mawer (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2010	Major malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick excluded	Adjustment: No	0.55 [0.07;4.05] ^C excluded (control group)	2/66 2/37	4	66		ref
S9846 R35325	Mawer (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2010	Major malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, disease free excluded	Adjustment: No Matched	1.45 [0.23;7.37] excluded (control group)	2/66 6/285	8	66		ref
S9847 R35331	Mawer (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2010	Major malformations	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	1.25 [0.11;14.24] ^C	2/66 1/41	3	66		ref
S6621 R18189	Burja (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2006	Congenital malformation	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	retrospective cohort (registry)	unexposed, disease free excluded	Adjustment: No	4.85 [0.87;26.87] ^C excluded (control group)	2/19 5/211	7	19		ref
S5591 R18143	Burja (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2006	Congenital malformation	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	retrospective cohort (registry)	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	9.55 [0.43;210.68] ^C excluded (exposition period)	2/19 0/32	2	19		ref
S7181 R26875	Kini (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2006	Major malformations	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	retrospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	1.36 [0.36;5.23] excluded (exposition period)	5/94 4/101	9	94		ref
S5498 R26880	Meador (Carbamazepine), 2006	Congenital malformations	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	prospective cohort	exposed to other treatment, sick	Adjustment: No	4.62 [0.53;40.24] ^C excluded (exposition period)	5/110 1/98	6	110		ref
S5529 R26895	Viinikainen (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick) a, 2006	Major malformations	throughout pregnancy	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	5.26 [0.27;104.15] ^C	3/72 0/52	3	72		ref
S302 R15451	Artama (Carbamazepine), 2005	Malformations	1st trimester	retrospective cohort (registry)	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	0.99 [0.53;1.83]	22/805 26/939	48	805		ref
S313 R19002	Barqawi (Carbamazepine), 2005	All congenital anomalies (minor and major)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	13.70 [0.67;279.25] ^C excluded (exposition period)	4/16 0/18	4	16		ref
S8220 R25728	Endo (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2004	Congenital malformations	throughout pregnancy	retrospective cohort	unexposed, disease free excluded	Adjustment: No	1.52 [0.08;27.36] ^C excluded (control group)	0/8 27/656	27	8		ref
S8223 R25773	Endo (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2004	Congenital malformations	throughout pregnancy	retrospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	0.07 [0.00;8.55] ^C	0/8 0/1	0	8		ref
S362 R26878	Kaaja (Carbamazepine), 2003	Major malformation	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	3.36 [0.73;15.46] ^C	10/363 2/239	12	363		ref
S336 R18496	Dean (Carbamazepine), 2002	Congenital malformations (major and minor)	at least 1st trimester	retrospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	3.95 [1.54;10.16] ^C	33/70 7/38	40	70		ref
S5578 R26864	Diav-Citrin (Carbamazepine), 2001	Major congenital anomalies (among live born and elective termination of pregnancy)	at least 1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed (general population or NOS)	Adjustment: No Matched	1.98 [0.62;6.30] ^C	6/100 6/192	12	100		ref
S5863 R26869	Holmes (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2001	Major malformations	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	retrospective cohort	unexposed, disease free excluded	Adjustment: Yes	3.00 [0.60;16.00] excluded (control group)	3/58 9/508	12	58		ref
S5864 R26870	Holmes (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2001	Major malformations	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	retrospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	12.52 [0.63;246.98] ^C excluded (exposition period)	3/58 0/98	3	58		ref
S6926 R26871	Hvas (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2000	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	retrospective cohort	unexposed, disease free excluded	Adjustment: No	4.81 [1.15;20.08] ^C excluded (control group)	2/37 280/23,827	282	37		ref
S356 R26872	Hvas (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2000	Major congenital malformations	1st trimester	retrospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	15.29 [0.72;326.31] ^C	2/37 0/106	2	37		ref
S5481 R26462	Al Bunyan (Carbamazepine), 1999	Congenital malformations	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	retrospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	0.97 [0.04;25.76] ^C excluded (exposition period)	1/31 0/10	1	31		ref
S6509 R26572	Canger (Carbamazepine), 1999	All type of malformation	1st trimester	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	6.09 [0.35;106.53] ^C	12/113 0/25	12	113		ref
S6445 R17699	Kaneko (Carbamazepine), 1999	Malformations	throughout pregnancy	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	1.91 [0.50;7.24] ^C	9/158 3/98	12	158		ref
S6715 R26884	Samrén (Carbamazepine), 1999	Major congential abnormalities	at least 1st trimester	retrospective cohort	unexposed, disease free	Adjustment: No Matched	2.60 [1.40;5.00]	14/376 29/2,000	43	376		ref
S5518 R26885	Steegers-Theunissen (Carbamazepine), 1994	Major malformations (ICD9 British Paediatric Association System)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded	prospective cohort	unexposed, disease free	Adjustment: No	2.81 [0.38;20.68] ^C excluded (exposition period)	2/39 2/106	4	39		ref
S6685 R18578	D'Souza (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 1991	Congenital anomalies	throughout pregnancy	prospective cohort	unexposed, disease free excluded	Adjustment: No Matched	615.00 [10.00;37818.08] ^C excluded (control group)	2/3 0/62	2	3		ref
S6689 R18695	D'Souza (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991	Congenital anomalies	throughout pregnancy	prospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	14.00 [0.58;338.80] ^C	2/3 1/8	3	3		ref
S6164 R16403	Robert (Carbamazepine), 1986	Congenital malformations (minor and major)	1st trimester	retrospective cohort	unexposed, sick	Adjustment: No	1.36 [0.06;33.05] ^C	0/3 4/35	4	3		ref
					Total	29 studies	1.62 [1.34;1.95]		781	8,918
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; ^C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

1: Carbamazepine; 2: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick; 3: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick; 4: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick; 5: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick; 6: Carbamazepine; 7: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick; 8: Carbamazepine; 9: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick; 10: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick; 11: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick; 12: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free; 13: Carbamazepine; 14: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free; 15: Carbamazepine; 16: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick; 17: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick; 18: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick) ; 19: Carbamazepine; 20: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick; 21: Carbamazepine; 22: Carbamazepine; 23: Carbamazepine; 24: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick; 25: Carbamazepine; 26: Carbamazepine; 27: Carbamazepine; 28: Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick; 29: Carbamazepine;

Sensitivity analysis

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot

Asymetry test p-value = 0.4784 (by Egger's regression)

slope=0.3889 (0.1460); intercept=0.2710 (0.3197); t=0.8479; p=0.4784

p values plot

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 6685, 6926, 5863, 8220, 6621, 9845, 9846, 8137, 5937, 6526, 6290, 6318, 6319, 6961, 10283, 10284, 7771, 8001, 8082, 7504, 7496, 12684, 12901, 12854, 7543, 15365, 15266, 15834

S15365 R63212	Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023	Any congenital anomaly (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	exposed to other treatment, sick	1.08 [0.28;4.18]	3/27 11/106
S15366 R63225	Bromley (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023	Any congenital anomaly (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, sick	2.38 [0.50;11.37]	3/27 4/80
S15266 R62761	Li (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023	Major congenital malformation (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	exposed to other treatment, sick	9.55 [0.47;192.46]	3/31 0/38
S15851 R65259	Li (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023	Major congenital malformation (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, sick	3.77 [0.92;15.39]	3/31 7/253
S15834 R65196	Pekoz (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls exposed to LTG), 2023	Congenital malformations (major and minor) (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	exposed to other treatment, sick	3.14 [0.83;11.84]	9/141 3/141
S15835 R65197	Pekoz (Carbamazepine) (Epilepsy) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2023	Congenital malformations (major and minor) (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, sick	2.86 [0.35;23.27]	9/141 1/43
S12675 R48877	Mari (Carbamazepine), 2022	Major foetal malformation (67)	throughout pregnancy	exposed to other treatment, sick	1.15 [0.04;30.40]	1/29 0/11
S12684 R48876	Alsfouk (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2021	Major congenital malformation (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	exposed to other treatment, sick	1.25 [0.21;7.34]	5/31 2/15
S12681 R48875	Alsfouk (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021	Major congenital malformation (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, sick	5.58 [0.61;50.91]	5/31 1/30
S12901 R48934	Hosny (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2021	Major birth defects (67)	1st trimester	exposed to other treatment, sick	0.02 [0.00;1.59]	1/67 0/1
S12902 R48937	Hosny (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021	Major birth defects (67)	1st trimester	unexposed, sick	0.67 [0.04;11.29]	1/31 1/21
S12854 R48474	Thomas (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2021	Major congenital malformations (67)	1st trimester	exposed to other treatment, sick	2.41 [0.32;18.26]	23/490 1/50
S7543 R26888	Thomas (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2021	Major congenital malformations (67)	1st trimester	unexposed, disease free	1.57 [0.77;3.20]	21/389 11/319
S12855 R48484	Thomas (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2021	Major congenital malformations (67)	1st trimester	unexposed, sick	0.99 [0.50;1.80]	23/490 16/340
S8001 R26856	AlSheikh (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2020	Fetal/neonatal malformation (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	exposed to other treatment, sick	16.71 [0.56;499.27]	1/5 0/20
S8002 R26855	AlSheikh (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020	Fetal/neonatal malformation (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, sick	1.75 [0.08;36.29]	1/5 1/8
S8082 R24685	Aydin (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2020	Congenital chromosomal/structural anomalies (67)	throughout pregnancy	exposed to other treatment, sick	0.45 [0.01;25.16]	0/15 0/7
S8074 R24633	Aydin (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020	Congenital chromosomal/structural anomalies (67)	throughout pregnancy	unexposed, sick	1.48 [0.03;79.05]	0/15 0/22
S7504 R26881	Meador (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2020	Major congenital malformations (67)	1st trimester	exposed to other treatment, sick	1.62 [0.17;14.92]	1/14 5/110
S7496 R26882	Meador (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2020	Major congenital malformations (67)	1st trimester	unexposed, disease free	4.00 [0.34;47.23]	1/14 2/106
S7499 R26883	Meador (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020	Major congenital malformations (67)	1st trimester	unexposed, sick	1.08 [0.06;19.05]	1/14 1/15
S7510 R27738	Huber-Mollema (Carbamazepine), 2019	Congenital malformations (67)	throughout pregnancy	exposed to other treatment, sick	2.55 [0.60;10.78]	4/37 4/88
S7771 R35189	Vajda (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2019	Fetal malformations (67)	at least 1st trimester	exposed to other treatment, sick	1.20 [0.65;2.21]	24/409 20/406
S7770 R35190	Vajda (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2019	Fetal malformations (67)	at least 1st trimester	unexposed, sick	2.07 [0.80;5.33]	24/409 5/176
S382 R26889	Tomson (Carbamazepine), 2018	Major congenital malformation (67)	at least 1st trimester	exposed to other treatment, sick	1.91 [1.41;2.58]	107/1957 74/2514
S10283 R37643	Razaz (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2017	Major malformations (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	exposed to other treatment, sick	1.42 [0.78;2.61]	22/360 22/503
S10284 R37644	Razaz (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2017	Major malformations (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, disease free	1.92 [1.25;2.96]	22/360 46632/1424279
S10285 R37645	Razaz (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017	Major malformations (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, sick	1.33 [0.82;2.16]	22/360 87/1868
S6253 R26857	Arkilo (Carbamazepine), 2015	Major malformations (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	exposed to other treatment, sick	1.39 [0.03;73.79]	0/16 0/22
S314 R30019	Barroso (Carbamazepine), 2015	Major anomalies (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, disease free	1.35 [0.17;10.95]	1/12 20/316
S6961 R26890	Vanya (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2015	Major congenital malformations (67)	throughout pregnancy	exposed to other treatment, sick	1.94 [0.07;56.76]	1/10 0/6
S6960 R26891	Vanya (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015	Major congenital malformations (67)	throughout pregnancy	unexposed, sick	6.88 [0.25;186.69]	1/10 0/20
S6290 R26858	Campbell (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2014	Major malformations (67)	1st trimester	exposed to other treatment, sick	1.10 [0.70;1.70]	43/1657 49/2098
S8233 R26859	Campbell (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014	Major malformations (67)	1st trimester	unexposed, sick	1.08 [0.58;2.03]	43/1657 13/541
S6318 R26892	Veiby (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2014	Major malformations (67)	throughout pregnancy	exposed to other treatment, sick	0.66 [0.35;1.27]	16/613 23/593
S6319 R26893	Veiby (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2014	Major malformations (67)	throughout pregnancy	unexposed, disease free	1.06 [0.64;1.74]	16/613 22371/771412
S6320 R26894	Veiby (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014	Major malformations (67)	throughout pregnancy	unexposed, sick	0.93 [0.54;1.58]	16/613 106/3773
S6526 R26860	Cassina (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2013	Major congenital anomalies (67)	1st trimester	exposed to other treatment, sick	3.00 [0.16;56.32]	5/88 0/23
S6522 R26861	Cassina (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2013	Major congenital anomalies (67)	1st trimester	unexposed, disease free	1.87 [0.70;5.03]	5/88 25/803
S6995 R19844	Arteaga-Vázquez (Carbamazepine), 2012	Congenital malformations (67)	1st trimester	unexposed, sick	1.52 [0.58;3.98]	12/32 13/46
S5937 R26867	Hernández-Díaz (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2012	Major congenital malformations (67)	1st trimester	exposed to other treatment, sick	1.10 [0.60;2.20]	-9/-9 -9/-9
S7930 R26868	Hernández-Díaz (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2012	Major congenital malformations (67)	1st trimester	unexposed, disease free	2.70 [1.00;7.00]	31/1033 5/442
S5483 R35113	Bànhidy (Carbamazepine), 2011	Total congenital abnormalities (67)	throughout pregnancy	unexposed, sick	0.67 [0.19;2.33]	8/18 12/22
S8137 R26862	Charlton (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2011	Major congenital malformations (67)	1st trimester	exposed to other treatment, sick	1.38 [0.39;4.95]	13/311 3/98
S331 R26863	Charlton (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2011	Major congenital malformations (67)	1st trimester	unexposed, sick	1.71 [0.87;3.36]	13/311 22/902
S9845 R35319	Mawer (Carbamazepine) (Controls exposed to Lamotrigine, sick), 2010	Major malformations (67)	1st trimester	exposed to other treatment, sick	0.55 [0.07;4.05]	2/66 2/37
S9846 R35325	Mawer (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2010	Major malformations (67)	1st trimester	unexposed, disease free	1.45 [0.23;7.37]	2/66 6/285
S9847 R35331	Mawer (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2010	Major malformations (67)	1st trimester	unexposed, sick	1.25 [0.11;14.24]	2/66 1/41
S6621 R18189	Burja (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2006	Congenital malformation (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, disease free	4.85 [0.87;26.87]	2/19 5/211
S5591 R18143	Burja (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2006	Congenital malformation (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, sick	9.55 [0.43;210.68]	2/19 0/32
S7181 R26875	Kini (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2006	Major malformations (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, sick	1.36 [0.36;5.23]	5/94 4/101
S5498 R26880	Meador (Carbamazepine), 2006	Congenital malformations (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	exposed to other treatment, sick	4.62 [0.53;40.24]	5/110 1/98
S5529 R26895	Viinikainen (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick) a, 2006	Major malformations (67)	throughout pregnancy	unexposed, sick	5.26 [0.27;104.15]	3/72 0/52
S302 R15451	Artama (Carbamazepine), 2005	Malformations (67)	1st trimester	unexposed, sick	0.99 [0.53;1.83]	22/805 26/939
S313 R19002	Barqawi (Carbamazepine), 2005	All congenital anomalies (minor and major) (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, sick	13.70 [0.67;279.25]	4/16 0/18
S8220 R25728	Endo (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2004	Congenital malformations (67)	throughout pregnancy	unexposed, disease free	1.52 [0.08;27.36]	0/8 27/656
S8223 R25773	Endo (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2004	Congenital malformations (67)	throughout pregnancy	unexposed, sick	0.07 [0.00;8.55]	0/8 0/1
S362 R26878	Kaaja (Carbamazepine), 2003	Major malformation (67)	1st trimester	unexposed, sick	3.36 [0.73;15.46]	10/363 2/239
S336 R18496	Dean (Carbamazepine), 2002	Congenital malformations (major and minor) (67)	at least 1st trimester	unexposed, sick	3.95 [1.54;10.16]	33/70 7/38
S5578 R26864	Diav-Citrin (Carbamazepine), 2001	Major congenital anomalies (among live born and elective termination of pregnancy) (67)	at least 1st trimester	unexposed (general population or NOS)	1.98 [0.62;6.30]	6/100 6/192
S5863 R26869	Holmes (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2001	Major malformations (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, disease free	3.00 [0.60;16.00]	3/58 9/508
S5864 R26870	Holmes (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2001	Major malformations (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, sick	12.52 [0.63;246.98]	3/58 0/98
S6926 R26871	Hvas (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2000	Major congenital malformations (67)	1st trimester	unexposed, disease free	4.81 [1.15;20.08]	2/37 280/23827
S356 R26872	Hvas (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2000	Major congenital malformations (67)	1st trimester	unexposed, sick	15.29 [0.72;326.31]	2/37 0/106
S5481 R26462	Al Bunyan (Carbamazepine), 1999	Congenital malformations (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, sick	0.97 [0.04;25.76]	1/31 0/10
S6509 R26572	Canger (Carbamazepine), 1999	All type of malformation (67)	1st trimester	unexposed, sick	6.09 [0.35;106.53]	12/113 0/25
S6445 R17699	Kaneko (Carbamazepine), 1999	Malformations (67)	throughout pregnancy	unexposed, sick	1.91 [0.50;7.24]	9/158 3/98
S6715 R26884	Samrén (Carbamazepine), 1999	Major congential abnormalities (67)	at least 1st trimester	unexposed, disease free	2.60 [1.40;5.00]	14/376 29/2000
S5518 R26885	Steegers-Theunissen (Carbamazepine), 1994	Major malformations (ICD9 British Paediatric Association System) (67)	during pregnancy (anytime or not specified)	unexposed, disease free	2.81 [0.38;20.68]	2/39 2/106
S6685 R18578	D'Souza (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 1991	Congenital anomalies (67)	throughout pregnancy	unexposed, disease free	615.00 [10.00;37818.08]	2/3 0/62
S6689 R18695	D'Souza (Carbamazepine) (Controls unexposed, sick), 1991	Congenital anomalies (67)	throughout pregnancy	unexposed, sick	14.00 [0.58;338.80]	2/3 1/8
S6164 R16403	Robert (Carbamazepine), 1986	Congenital malformations (minor and major) (67)	1st trimester	unexposed, sick	1.36 [0.06;33.05]	0/3 4/35