Tramadol (versus unexposed) updated on 07-09-2025

Urinary malformations

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S18427
R78027		 Ferrer, 2025 Urinary system anomalies at least 1st trimester retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No 1.77 [0.91;3.42] C 9/999   783/152,811 792 999
ref
S13279
R51130		 Bowie, 2022 Urinary anomaly at least 1st trimester population based cohort retrospective unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes 2.95 [1.22;7.14] -/781   1,351/587,676 - 781
ref
S13280
R51158		 Sørensen, 2022 Urinary system malformations 1st trimester population based cohort retrospective unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes 1.44 [0.83;2.50] 17/3,796   47/15,111 64 3,796
ref
Total 3 studies 1.76 [1.20;2.58] 856 5,576
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Ferrer, 2025Ferrer, 2025 1.77[0.91; 3.42]79299933%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: lowROB classification: criticalROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Bowie, 2022Bowie, 2022 2.95[1.22; 7.14]-78119%ROB confusion: moderateROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Sørensen, 2022Sørensen, 2022 1.44[0.83; 2.50]643,79648%ROB confusion: moderateROB selection: moderateROB classification: criticalROB missing: moderateROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Total (3 studies) I2 = 0% 1.76[1.20; 2.58]8565,5760.510.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 1.76[1.20; 2.58]8565,5760%NAFerrer, 2025 Bowie, 2022 Sørensen, 2022 3 case control studiescase control studies 0 Type of controls unexposed (disease free or unspecified)unexposed (disease free or unspecified) 1.76[1.20; 2.58]8565,5760%NAFerrer, 2025 Bowie, 2022 Sørensen, 2022 3 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 1.77[0.91; 3.42]792999 -NAFerrer, 2025 1   - Yes  - Yes 1.89[0.96; 3.74]644,57745%NABowie, 2022 Sørensen, 2022 2 All studiesAll studies 1.76[1.20; 2.58]8565,5760%NAFerrer, 2025 Bowie, 2022 Sørensen, 2022 30.510.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 1.76[1.20; 2.58]2,1985,5760%NAFerrer, 2025 Bowie, 2022 Sørensen, 2022 30.510.01.0