Tramadol (versus unexposed) updated on 07-09-2025

Atrial septal defect

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S13279
R51137		 Bowie, 2022 Atrial septal defect (Q211) at least 1st trimester population based cohort retrospective unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes 2.28 [0.99;5.25] 9/781   1,961/587,676 1,970 781
ref
Total 1 studies 2.28 [0.99;5.25] 1,970 781
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Bowie, 2022Bowie, 2022 2.28[0.99; 5.25]1,9707810%ROB confusion: moderateROB selection: moderateROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate0.95.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 2.28[0.99; 5.25]1,970781 -NABowie, 2022 1 case control studiescase control studies 0 Type of controls unexposed (disease free or unspecified)unexposed (disease free or unspecified) 2.28[0.99; 5.25]1,970781 -NABowie, 2022 1 Tags Adjustment   - Yes  - Yes 2.28[0.99; 5.25]1,970781 -NABowie, 2022 1 All studiesAll studies 2.28[0.99; 5.25]1,970781 -NABowie, 2022 10.55.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 2.28[0.99; 5.25]1,970781 -NABowie, 2022 10.510.01.0