Antimycotic Azoles (all routes except local only) updated on 01-29-2025

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S17739
R74993		 Zhu - Fluconazole, 2020 Cleft lip 1st trimester retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes Fluconazole not specified or mixed dose 1.13 [0.67;1.92] 14/37,648   617/1,872,961 631 37,648
ref
S17734
R74914		 Howley - Fluconazole, 2016 Cleft lip with or without cleft palate 1st trimester case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes Fluconazole not specified or mixed dose 4.16 [1.34;12.98] 7/13   3,113/14,585 3,120 13
ref
S17735
R74919		 Molgaard-Nielsen - Fluconazole, 2013 Cleft lip, cleft palate, or both 1st trimester population based cohort retrospective unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes Fluconazole not specified or mixed dose 1.02 [0.55;1.91] 10/7,352   1,264/968,236 1,274 7,352
ref
S17725
R74794		 Carter - Miconazole, 2008 Cleft lip with or without cleft palate 1st trimester case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No 1.01 [0.49;2.10] C 9/48   1,077/5,812 1,086 48
ref
Total 4 studies 1.27 [0.80;2.00] 6,111 45,061
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Zhu - Fluconazole, 2020Zhu - Fluconazole, 2020 1.13[0.67; 1.92]63137,64834%ROB confusion: lowROB selection: moderateROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Howley - Fluconazole, 2016Howley - Fluconazole, 2016 4.16[1.34; 12.98]3,1201313%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Molgaard-Nielsen - Fluconazole, 2013Molgaard-Nielsen - Fluconazole, 2013 1.02[0.55; 1.91]1,2747,35229%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: lowROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Carter - Miconazole, 2008Carter - Miconazole, 2008 1.01[0.49; 2.10]1,0864824%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: criticalROB missing: moderateROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Total (4 studies) I2 = 41% 1.27[0.80; 2.00]6,11145,0610.510.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 1.08[0.72; 1.62]1,90545,0000%NAZhu - Fluconazole, 2020 Molgaard-Nielsen - Fluconazole, 2013 2 case control studiescase control studies 1.92[0.48; 7.58]4,2066176%NAHowley - Fluconazole, 2016 Carter - Miconazole, 2008 2 Type of controls unexposed (disease free or unspecified)unexposed (disease free or unspecified) 1.27[0.80; 2.00]6,11145,06141%NAZhu - Fluconazole, 2020 Howley - Fluconazole, 2016 Molgaard-Nielsen - Fluconazole, 2013 Carter - Miconazole, 2008 4 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 1.01[0.49; 2.10]1,08648 -NACarter - Miconazole, 2008 1   - Yes  - Yes 1.42[0.75; 2.70]5,02545,01359%NAZhu - Fluconazole, 2020 Howley - Fluconazole, 2016 Molgaard-Nielsen - Fluconazole, 2013 3 Fluconazole not specified or mixed doseFluconazole not specified or mixed dose 1.42[0.75; 2.70]5,02545,01359%NAZhu - Fluconazole, 2020 Howley - Fluconazole, 2016 Molgaard-Nielsen - Fluconazole, 2013 3 All studiesAll studies 1.27[0.80; 2.00]6,11145,06141%NAZhu - Fluconazole, 2020 Howley - Fluconazole, 2016 Molgaard-Nielsen - Fluconazole, 2013 Carter - Miconazole, 2008 40.510.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot
0.0-1.71.70.6950.000Zhu - Fluconazole, 2020Howley - Fluconazole, 2016Molgaard-Nielsen - Fluconazole, 2013Carter - Miconazole, 2008

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot
0.01.00.01.0

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 1.27[0.80; 2.00]6,11145,06141%NAZhu - Fluconazole, 2020 Howley - Fluconazole, 2016 Molgaard-Nielsen - Fluconazole, 2013 Carter - Miconazole, 2008 40.510.01.0