Azoles (local routes only) updated on 01-29-2025

Limb defects

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S10366
R38065		 Zhu - Azoles (Local routes), 2020 Limb defects 1st trimester retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No Route of exposure Azoles: Local (NOS) 1.06 [0.95;1.18] C 365/82,090   7,868/1,875,257 8,233 82,090
ref
S4170
R9631		 Rotem - Clotrimazole (Vaginal), 2018 Musculoskeletal system 1st trimester retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes Route of exposure Azoles: Vaginal 1.04 [0.73;1.49] 31/1,993   1,427/95,781 1,458 1,993
ref
S4260
R9864		 Jick - Azole (Topical route), 1999 Limb disorders (polydactyly, syndactyly or others) 1st trimester retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No Route of exposure Azoles: Local (NOS) 0.83 [0.18;3.91] C 2/492   8/1,629 10 492
ref
Total 3 studies 1.06 [0.96;1.17] 9,701 84,575
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Zhu - Azoles (Local routes), 2020Zhu - Azoles, 2020 1 1.06[0.95; 1.18]8,23382,09092%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Rotem - Clotrimazole (Vaginal), 2018Rotem - Clotrimazole, 2018 2 1.04[0.73; 1.49]1,4581,9938%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Jick - Azole (Topical route), 1999Jick - Azole, 1999 3 0.83[0.18; 3.91]104920%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: criticalROB missing: unclearROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Total (3 studies) I2 = 0% 1.06[0.96; 1.17]9,70184,5750.25.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

1: Local routes; 2: Vaginal; 3: Topical route;

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 1.06[0.96; 1.17]9,70184,5750%NAZhu - Azoles (Local routes), 2020 Rotem - Clotrimazole (Vaginal), 2018 Jick - Azole (Topical route), 1999 3 case control studiescase control studies 0 Type of controls unexposed (disease free or unspecified)unexposed (disease free or unspecified) 1.06[0.96; 1.17]9,70184,5750%NAZhu - Azoles (Local routes), 2020 Rotem - Clotrimazole (Vaginal), 2018 Jick - Azole (Topical route), 1999 3 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 1.06[0.95; 1.18]8,24382,5820%NAZhu - Azoles (Local routes), 2020 Jick - Azole (Topical route), 1999 2   - Yes  - Yes 1.04[0.73; 1.49]1,4581,993 -NARotem - Clotrimazole (Vaginal), 2018 1 Route of exposure Azoles   - Local (NOS)  - Local (NOS) 1.06[0.95; 1.18]8,24382,5820%NAZhu - Azoles (Local routes), 2020 Jick - Azole (Topical route), 1999 2   - Vaginal  - Vaginal 1.04[0.73; 1.49]1,4581,993 -NARotem - Clotrimazole (Vaginal), 2018 1 All studiesAll studies 1.06[0.96; 1.17]9,70184,5750%NAZhu - Azoles (Local routes), 2020 Rotem - Clotrimazole (Vaginal), 2018 Jick - Azole (Topical route), 1999 30.25.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 1.06[0.96; 1.17]9,70184,5750%NAZhu - Azoles (Local routes), 2020 Rotem - Clotrimazole (Vaginal), 2018 Jick - Azole (Topical route), 1999 30.510.01.0