Azoles (local routes only) updated on 01-29-2025

Ear malformations

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S10366
R38059		 Zhu - Azoles (Local routes), 2020 Ear defects 1st trimester retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No Route of exposure Azoles: Local (NOS) 1.29 [0.88;1.91] C 27/82,090   477/1,875,257 504 82,090
ref
S17524
R73718		 Czeizel - Clotrimazole, 1999 Congenital abnormalities of ear 1st trimester case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes Matched Route of exposure Azoles: Local (NOS) 1.12 [0.16;8.12] 2/500   280/32,586 282 500
ref
Total 2 studies 1.29 [0.88;1.88] 786 82,590
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Zhu - Azoles (Local routes), 2020Zhu - Azoles, 2020 1 1.29[0.88; 1.91]50482,09096%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Czeizel - Clotrimazole, 1999Czeizel - Clotrimazole, 1999 1.12[0.16; 8.12]2825004%ROB confusion: unclearROB selection: criticalROB classification: moderateROB missing: moderateROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Total (2 studies) I2 = 0% 1.29[0.88; 1.88]78682,5900.55.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

1: Local routes;

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 1.29[0.88; 1.91]50482,090 -NAZhu - Azoles (Local routes), 2020 1 case control studiescase control studies 1.12[0.16; 7.98]282500 -NACzeizel - Clotrimazole, 1999 1 Type of controls unexposed (disease free or unspecified)unexposed (disease free or unspecified) 1.29[0.88; 1.88]78682,5900%NAZhu - Azoles (Local routes), 2020 Czeizel - Clotrimazole, 1999 2 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 1.29[0.88; 1.91]50482,090 -NAZhu - Azoles (Local routes), 2020 1   - Yes  - Yes 1.12[0.16; 7.98]282500 -NACzeizel - Clotrimazole, 1999 1 MatchedMatched 1.12[0.16; 7.98]282500 -NACzeizel - Clotrimazole, 1999 1 Route of exposure Azoles   - Local (NOS)  - Local (NOS) 1.29[0.88; 1.88]78682,5900%NAZhu - Azoles (Local routes), 2020 Czeizel - Clotrimazole, 1999 2 All studiesAll studies 1.29[0.88; 1.88]78682,5900%NAZhu - Azoles (Local routes), 2020 Czeizel - Clotrimazole, 1999 20.55.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 1.29[0.88; 1.88]78682,5900%NAZhu - Azoles (Local routes), 2020 Czeizel - Clotrimazole, 1999 20.510.01.0