Azoles (local routes only) updated on 01-29-2025

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S10366
R38043		 Zhu - Azoles (Local routes), 2020 Cleft lip 1st trimester retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No Route of exposure Azoles: Local (NOS) 0.97 [0.67;1.41] C 29/82,090   683/1,875,257 712 82,090
ref
S4170
R9635		 Rotem - Clotrimazole (Vaginal), 2018 Cleft lip/palate 1st trimester retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No Route of exposure Azoles: Vaginal 0.76 [0.19;3.09] C 2/1,993   126/95,781 128 1,993
ref
S17545
R73867		 Carter - Clotrimazole, 2008 Cleft lip with or without cleft palate 1st trimester case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No Route of exposure Azoles: Local (NOS) 0.29 [0.02;5.13] C 0/7   1,086/5,853 1,086 7
ref
S17524
R73719		 Czeizel - Clotrimazole, 1999 Cleft lip with or without palate 1st trimester case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes Matched Route of exposure Azoles: Local (NOS) 0.93 [0.48;1.80] 18/516   1,056/33,362 1,074 516
ref
Total 4 studies 0.94 [0.68;1.28] 3,000 84,606
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Zhu - Azoles (Local routes), 2020Zhu - Azoles, 2020 1 0.97[0.67; 1.41]71282,09071%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Rotem - Clotrimazole (Vaginal), 2018Rotem - Clotrimazole, 2018 2 0.76[0.19; 3.09]1281,9935%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Carter - Clotrimazole, 2008Carter - Clotrimazole, 2008 0.29[0.02; 5.13]1,08671%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: criticalROB missing: moderateROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Czeizel - Clotrimazole, 1999Czeizel - Clotrimazole, 1999 0.93[0.48; 1.80]1,07451623%ROB confusion: unclearROB selection: criticalROB classification: moderateROB missing: moderateROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Total (4 studies) I2 = 0% 0.94[0.68; 1.28]3,00084,6060.22.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

1: Local routes; 2: Vaginal;

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 0.95[0.67; 1.37]84084,0830%NAZhu - Azoles (Local routes), 2020 Rotem - Clotrimazole (Vaginal), 2018 2 case control studiescase control studies 0.88[0.46; 1.67]2,1605230%NACarter - Clotrimazole, 2008 Czeizel - Clotrimazole, 1999 2 Type of controls unexposed (disease free or unspecified)unexposed (disease free or unspecified) 0.94[0.68; 1.28]3,00084,6060%NAZhu - Azoles (Local routes), 2020 Rotem - Clotrimazole (Vaginal), 2018 Carter - Clotrimazole, 2008 Czeizel - Clotrimazole, 1999 4 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 0.94[0.66; 1.34]1,92684,0900%NAZhu - Azoles (Local routes), 2020 Rotem - Clotrimazole (Vaginal), 2018 Carter - Clotrimazole, 2008 3   - Yes  - Yes 0.93[0.48; 1.80]1,074516 -NACzeizel - Clotrimazole, 1999 1 MatchedMatched 0.93[0.48; 1.80]1,074516 -NACzeizel - Clotrimazole, 1999 1 Route of exposure Azoles   - Local (NOS)  - Local (NOS) 0.95[0.69; 1.31]2,87282,6130%NAZhu - Azoles (Local routes), 2020 Carter - Clotrimazole, 2008 Czeizel - Clotrimazole, 1999 3   - Vaginal  - Vaginal 0.76[0.19; 3.09]1281,993 -NARotem - Clotrimazole (Vaginal), 2018 1 All studiesAll studies 0.94[0.68; 1.28]3,00084,6060%NAZhu - Azoles (Local routes), 2020 Rotem - Clotrimazole (Vaginal), 2018 Carter - Clotrimazole, 2008 Czeizel - Clotrimazole, 1999 40.110.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot
0.0-3.43.41.7530.000Zhu - Azoles (Local routes), 2020Rotem - Clotrimazole (Vaginal), 2018Carter - Clotrimazole, 2008Czeizel - Clotrimazole, 1999

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot
0.01.00.01.0

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 0.94[0.68; 1.28]3,00084,6060%NAZhu - Azoles (Local routes), 2020 Rotem - Clotrimazole (Vaginal), 2018 Carter - Clotrimazole, 2008 Czeizel - Clotrimazole, 1999 40.510.01.0