Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) updated on 07-01-2025

Preterm (< 37 weeks)

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S18442
R78274		 Lee (Controls exposed to TCAs), 2025 Preterm birth (infant born at gestational age <37 weeks) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort (claims database) exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: No Monotherapy: SSRI only 0.94 [0.68;1.30] C
excluded (control group) 		131/1,465   58/613 189 1,465
ref
S18408
R77696		 Lee (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025 Preterm birth (infant born at gestational age <37 weeks) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes Monotherapy: SSRI only 1.04 [0.86;1.26] 131/1,465   28,543/463,440 28,674 1,465
ref
S18216
R76432		 Martin - Sertraline, 2024 Preterm delivery (delivery at <259 days (37 weeks’)) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) population based cohort retrospective unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes Monotherapy: substance alone among all Antidep (SSRI, SNRI, ...) 1.29 [1.23;1.35] 2,418/34,604   119,950/2,408,707 122,368 34,604
ref
S12482
R47050		 Benevent, 2023 Preterm (< 37 weeks) at least 1st trimester retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No Monotherapy: SSRI only 1.46 [1.21;1.77] C 116/1,327   8,813/143,301 8,929 1,327
ref
S18233
R76471		 Rommel, 2022 Moderate-to-late preterm (32– 37 weeks) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) population based cohort retrospective unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes Monotherapy: SSRI only Unexposed sick: intermediate history of illness/treatment (3-12 months before pregnancy) 1.28 [1.18;1.39] -/16,429   -/23,676 - 16,429
ref
S11186
R41175		 Chen, 2021 Preterm birth (<37 completed weeks of gestation) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) population based cohort retrospective unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes Monotherapy: no or not specified Unexposed sick: recent illness/treatment (during or juste before pregnancy or treatment stopped in view of pregnancy) 1.52 [1.17;1.97] 21/408   55/1,789 76 408
ref
S12951
R49158		 Heinonen - Sertraline, 2021 Preterm birth (< 37 weeks) 2nd and/or 3rd trimester randomized controlled trial unexposed, sick Adjustment: Randomisation Monotherapy: SSRI only 0.79 [0.02;25.90] C 1/11   0/3 1 11
ref
S13112
R49968		 Marks - Sertraline (Controls exposed to Bupropion), 2021 Preterm Birth during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick Adjustment: No Monotherapy: substance alone among all Antidep (SSRI, SNRI, ...) 0.95 [0.70;1.29] C 238/1,653   61/406 299 1,653
ref
S12918
R49002		 Gungor (Controls exposed to Mirtazapine), 2019 Preterm (less than 37 completed weeks of gestation) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: No Monotherapy: SSRI only 1.22 [0.12;12.64] C
excluded (control group) 		3/40   1/16 4 40
ref
S8158
R25129		 Gungor (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2019 Preterm (less than 37 completed weeks of gestation) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: No Monotherapy: SSRI only 1.78 [0.17;18.22] C
excluded (control group) 		3/40   1/23 4 40
ref
S8159
R25135		 Gungor (Controls unexposed, sick), 2019 Preterm (less than 37 completed weeks of gestation) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Monotherapy: SSRI only Unexposed sick: old history of illness/treatment (> 12 months before pregnancy) or not specified 1.78 [0.17;18.22] C 3/40   1/23 4 40
ref
S15002
R61417		 Jaeger, 2019 Premature delivery (<37 weeks) 2nd trimester retrospective cohort unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes Monotherapy: no or not specified 1.56 [1.45;1.68] -/-   -/- - -
ref
S7479
R22387		 Richardson, 2019 Preterm delivery (NOS) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No Monotherapy: no or not specified 1.16 [0.86;1.57] C 81/614   125/1,081 206 614
ref
S7921
R23963		 Giardinelli (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2018 Preterm birth (<37 weeks) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: No Monotherapy: no or not specified 2.40 [0.40;14.49] C
excluded (control group) 		4/24   2/26 6 24
ref
S7916
R23954		 Giardinelli (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 Preterm birth (<37 weeks) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Monotherapy: no or not specified Unexposed sick: recent illness/treatment (during or juste before pregnancy or treatment stopped in view of pregnancy) 1.33 [0.26;6.74] C 4/24   3/23 7 24
ref
S13263
R51073		 Ogawa, 2018 Preterm birth (less than 37 completed weeks) 2nd and/or 3rd trimester nested case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes Monotherapy: no or not specified 0.88 [0.12;6.55] -/-   746/- - -
ref
S10062
R36570		 Bracero, 2016 Preterm birth (NOS) days before delivery excluded retrospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Monotherapy: no or not specified 4.00 [0.74;21.60] C
excluded (exposition period) 		3/6   17/85 20 6
ref
S7574
R22618		 Cantarutti (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2016 Preterm birth (less than 37 weeks’ gestation) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed (general population or NOS) excluded Adjustment: Yes Monotherapy: no or not specified 1.20 [1.10;1.40]
excluded (control group) 		-/-   -/374,830 - -
ref
S7648
R22625		 Cantarutti (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016 Preterm birth (less than 37 weeks’ gestation) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes Monotherapy: no or not specified Unexposed sick: intermediate history of illness/treatment (3-12 months before pregnancy) 1.10 [0.90;1.20] -/-   -/6,548 - -
ref
S7570
R22762		 Kivistö, 2016 Preterm delivery (birth before 37 completed weeks) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes Monotherapy: SSRI only 1.35 [0.95;1.93] 39/358   1,909/24,402 1,948 358
ref
S7518
R22535		 Ozturk - Escitalopram, 2016 Preterm Births (<37 weeks) at least 1st trimester prospective cohort unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No Monotherapy: no or not specified 1.03 [0.12;8.50] C 1/30   8/246 9 30
ref
S14992
R61349		 Robinson-Wolrath, 2016 Preterm birth during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes Monotherapy: SSRI only 1.16 [0.85;1.58] -/295   -/- - 295
ref
S13017
R49394		 Hannerfors (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2015 Preterm birth during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort unexposed (general population or NOS) excluded Adjustment: Yes Monotherapy: no or not specified 1.86 [0.94;3.69]
excluded (control group) 		17/203   27/609 44 203
ref
S13016
R49386		 Hannerfors (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015 Preterm birth during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Monotherapy: no or not specified 10.47 [0.62;176.94] C 17/203   0/56 17 203
ref
S6107
R15966		 Malm (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2015 Preterm birth 32–36 weeks during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) population based cohort retrospective unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: Yes Monotherapy: no or not specified 1.07 [0.96;1.20]
excluded (control group) 		741/15,729   1,193/31,394 1,934 15,729
ref
S5374
R15950		 Malm (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015 Preterm birth 32–36 weeks during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) population based cohort retrospective unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes Monotherapy: no or not specified Unexposed sick: intermediate history of illness/treatment (3-12 months before pregnancy) 0.84 [0.74;0.96] 741/15,729   515/9,652 1,256 15,729
ref
S12948
R49135		 Engelstad (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Gestational Age at delivery < 37 weeks during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Monotherapy: SSRI only 1.19 [0.69;2.05] C 39/126   35/128 74 126
ref
S7769
R22978		 Sahingöz (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2014 Preterm birth (20-37 gestational weeks) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: No Monotherapy: no or not specified 4.12 [0.16;106.01] C
excluded (control group) 		1/23   0/30 1 23
ref
S7576
R22976		 Sahingöz (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Preterm birth (20-37 gestational weeks) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Monotherapy: no or not specified 0.36 [0.04;3.48] C 1/23   4/36 5 23
ref
S7980
R24317		 de Vries, 2013 Preterm (NOS) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No Monotherapy: SSRI only 3.60 [0.17;76.77] C 2/63   0/44 2 63
ref
S5428
R20508		 Colvin, 2012 Preterm birth, <37 wks during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes Monotherapy: no or not specified 1.48 [1.28;1.72] 426/3,764   7,480/94,561 7,906 3,764
ref
S5411
R15320		 El Marroun (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2012 Preterm Birth (<37 wk) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: Yes Monotherapy: no or not specified 2.14 [1.08;4.25]
excluded (control group) 		10/99   355/7,027 365 99
ref
S5960
R15324		 El Marroun (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 Preterm Birth (<37 wk) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Monotherapy: no or not specified Unexposed sick: recent illness/treatment (during or juste before pregnancy or treatment stopped in view of pregnancy) 1.67 [0.80;3.48] C 10/99   36/570 46 99
ref
S5961
R15332		 Grzeskowiak a (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2012 Preterm delivery (<37 wk) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: Yes Monotherapy: SSRI only 2.46 [1.75;3.50]
excluded (control group) 		55/221   3,435/32,004 3,490 221
ref
S5367
R15327		 Grzeskowiak a (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 Preterm delivery (<37 wk) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes Monotherapy: SSRI only Unexposed sick: recent illness/treatment (during or juste before pregnancy or treatment stopped in view of pregnancy) 2.68 [1.83;3.93] 55/221   185/1,566 240 221
ref
S5395
R16287		 Klieger-Grossmann - Escitalopram, 2012 Premature birth (< 37 weeks's gestation) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No Matched Monotherapy: SSRI only 2.51 [1.10;5.71] C 19/172   9/191 28 172
ref
S496
R17387		 Nordeng (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2012 Preterm birth (< 37 weeks of pregnancy) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) cohort unexposed (general population or NOS) excluded Adjustment: Yes Monotherapy: no or not specified 1.28 [0.90;1.84]
excluded (control group) 		37/572   2,784/61,648 2,821 572
ref
S7830
R23252		 Nordeng (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 Preterm birth (< 37 weeks of pregnancy) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Monotherapy: no or not specified Unexposed sick: intermediate history of illness/treatment (3-12 months before pregnancy) 1.20 [0.78;1.84] C 37/572   57/1,048 94 572
ref
S7592
R23262		 Latendresse, 2011 Spontaneous preterm during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes Monotherapy: no or not specified 11.70 [2.20;60.70] 4/13   5/87 9 13
ref
S10064
R36607		 Mulder, 2011 Delivery at <37 weeks at least 1st trimester prospective cohort unexposed, disease free Adjustment: No Monotherapy: SSRI only 25.16 [1.43;441.57] C 8/96   0/130 8 96
ref
S5379
R17675		 Roca, 2011 Preterm birth (<37 weeks) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed, disease free Adjustment: Yes Matched Monotherapy: no or not specified 3.44 [1.30;9.11] 11/84   8/168 19 84
ref
S6999
R61422		 Reis (Controls exposed to TCA), 2010 Preterm birth (<37 weeks) 2nd and/or 3rd trimester population based cohort retrospective exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: No Monotherapy: SSRI only 0.64 [0.50;0.82] C
excluded (control group) 		356/4,809   87/784 443 4,809
ref
S5410
R61420		 Reis (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2010 Preterm birth (<37 weeks) 2nd and/or 3rd trimester population based cohort retrospective unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes Monotherapy: SSRI only 1.46 [1.31;1.63] 356/4,809   57,946/1,062,190 58,302 4,809
ref
S5406
R15088		 Calderon-Margalit, 2009 Preterm delivery (before 37 weeks of gestation) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes Monotherapy: no or not specified 1.21 [0.67;2.21] 16/132   234/2,493 250 132
ref
S491
R337		 Lund (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2009 Preterm delivery (<37 completed weeks) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: Yes Monotherapy: no or not specified 2.02 [1.29;3.16]
excluded (control group) 		29/329   2,520/51,770 2,549 329
ref
S6162
R16210		 Lund (Controls unexposed, sick), 2009 Preterm delivery (<37 completed weeks) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Monotherapy: no or not specified Unexposed sick: old history of illness/treatment (> 12 months before pregnancy) or not specified 1.82 [1.22;2.72] C 29/329   247/4,902 276 329
ref
S5407
R16703		 Toh b, 2009 Preterm delivery (<37 completed weeks) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes Monotherapy: SSRI only 1.12 [0.64;1.95] 17/192   415/5,710 432 192
ref
S5408
R16597		 Wisner (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2009 Preterm birth (< 37 weeks of gestation) throughout pregnancy prospective cohort unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: Yes Monotherapy: no or not specified 5.43 [1.98;14.84]
excluded (control group) 		10/48   8/131 18 48
ref
S6249
R16605		 Wisner (Controls unexposed, sick), 2009 Preterm birth (< 37 weeks of gestation) throughout pregnancy prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Monotherapy: no or not specified Unexposed sick: recent illness/treatment (during or juste before pregnancy or treatment stopped in view of pregnancy) 0.96 [0.23;4.13] C 10/48   3/14 13 48
ref
S5958
R15309		 Diav-Citrin - Fluoxetine or Paroxetine, 2008 Preterm delivery (<= 36 weeks) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No Monotherapy: no or not specified 1.41 [0.99;2.00] C 57/647   84/1,306 141 647
ref
S5394
R20629		 Davis, 2007 Preterm delivery during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No Monotherapy: no or not specified 1.45 [1.25;1.68] 166/1,768   5,268/79,759 5,434 1,768
ref
S11220
R41287		 Pearson (Controls exposed to TCA), 2007 Prematurity (NOS) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: No Monotherapy: SSRI only 0.40 [0.09;1.72] C
excluded (control group) 		3/42   6/37 9 42
ref
S11219
R41284		 Pearson (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2007 Prematurity (NOS) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No Monotherapy: SSRI only 0.68 [0.19;2.45] C 3/42   17/168 20 42
ref
S5989
R17673		 Suri, 2007 Preterm birth during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed, disease free Adjustment: No Monotherapy: no or not specified 3.00 [0.34;26.19] C 7/49   1/19 8 49
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S5405
R16046		 Wen, 2006 Gestational age (< 37 weeks) 3 months (or more) before pregnancy or during pregnancy excluded retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes Matched Monotherapy: no or not specified 1.57 [1.28;1.92]
excluded (exposition period) 		188/972   465/3,878 653 972
ref
S508
R17591		 Sivojelezova - Citalopram, 2005 Preterm (<37 wk) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No Matched Monotherapy: no or not specified 2.41 [0.81;7.18] C 11/114   5/118 16 114
ref
S510
R15165		 Casper, 2003 Preterm during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Monotherapy: no or not specified Unexposed sick: recent illness/treatment (during or juste before pregnancy or treatment stopped in view of pregnancy) 0.40 [0.02;6.93] C 1/31   1/13 2 31
ref
S6994
R19829		 Simon (Controls exposed to TCA), 2002 Estimated gestational age ≤36 weeks during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort (claims database) exposed to other treatment, sick excluded Adjustment: No Monotherapy: SSRI only 1.02 [0.53;1.97] C
excluded (control group) 		19/185   21/209 40 185
ref
S492
R336		 Simon (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2002 Estimated gestational age ≤36 weeks during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes Matched Monotherapy: SSRI only 4.38 [1.57;12.22] 19/185   6/185 25 185
ref
S490
R15168		 Chambers - Fluoxetine, 1996 Preterm (< 37 weeks’ gestation) late pregnancy prospective cohort unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No Monotherapy: no or not specified 2.65 [1.11;6.35] C 10/70   13/220 23 70
ref
S515
R16342		 Pastuszak - Fluoxetine (Controls unexposed, NOS), 1993 Preterm birth (< 37 weeks of gestation) 1st trimester prospective cohort unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No Matched Monotherapy: SSRI only 0.85 [0.27;2.63] C 6/85   7/85 13 85
ref
Total 43 studies 1.35 [1.24;1.47] 237,180 86,924
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Lee (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025Lee, 2025 1 1.04[0.86; 1.26]28,6741,4655%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: lowROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Martin - Sertraline, 2024Martin - Sertraline, 2024 1.29[1.23; 1.35]122,36834,6047%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Benevent, 2023Benevent, 2023 1.46[1.21; 1.77]8,9291,3275%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Rommel, 2022Rommel, 2022 1.28[1.18; 1.39]-16,4296%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Chen, 2021Chen, 2021 1.52[1.17; 1.97]764084%ROB confusion: moderateROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Heinonen - Sertraline, 2021Heinonen - Sertraline, 2021 0.79[0.02; 25.90]1110%ROB confusion: unclearROB selection: lowROB classification: lowROB missing: criticalROB mesure: lowROB reporting: low Marks - Sertraline (Controls exposed to Bupropion), 2021Marks - Sertraline, 2021 2 0.95[0.70; 1.29]2991,6534%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Gungor (Controls unexposed, sick), 2019Gungor, 2019 3 1.78[0.17; 18.22]4400%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: unclearROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Jaeger, 2019Jaeger, 2019 1.56[1.45; 1.68]--6%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: unclearROB classification: unclearROB missing: unclearROB mesure: unclearROB reporting: critical Richardson, 2019Richardson, 2019 1.16[0.86; 1.57]2066144%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: criticalROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Giardinelli (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018Giardinelli, 2018 4 1.33[0.26; 6.74]7240%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Ogawa, 2018Ogawa, 2018 0.88[0.12; 6.55]--0%ROB confusion: moderateROB selection: lowROB classification: criticalROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Cantarutti (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016Cantarutti, 2016 5 1.10[0.90; 1.20]--6%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: lowROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Kivistö, 2016Kivistö, 2016 1.35[0.95; 1.93]1,9483583%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: criticalROB classification: moderateROB missing: criticalROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Ozturk - Escitalopram, 2016Ozturk - Escitalopram, 2016 1.03[0.12; 8.50]9300%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: unclearROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Robinson-Wolrath, 2016Robinson-Wolrath, 2016 1.16[0.85; 1.58]-2954%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: unclearROB classification: criticalROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: unclear Hannerfors (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015Hannerfors, 2015 6 10.47[0.62; 176.94]172030%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Malm (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015Malm, 2015 7 0.84[0.74; 0.96]1,25615,7296%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: lowROB classification: criticalROB missing: moderateROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Engelstad (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014Engelstad, 2014 8 1.19[0.69; 2.05]741262%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Sahingöz (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014Sahingöz, 2014 9 0.36[0.04; 3.48]5230%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: moderateROB classification: criticalROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate de Vries, 2013de Vries, 2013 3.60[0.17; 76.77]2630%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: unclearROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: low Colvin, 2012Colvin, 2012 1.48[1.28; 1.72]7,9063,7646%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate El Marroun (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012El Marroun, 2012 10 1.67[0.80; 3.48]46991%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Grzeskowiak a (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012Grzeskowiak a, 2012 11 2.68[1.83; 3.93]2402213%ROB confusion: moderateROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Klieger-Grossmann - Escitalopram, 2012Klieger-Grossmann - Escitalopram, 2012 2.51[1.10; 5.71]281721%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Nordeng (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012Nordeng, 2012 12 1.20[0.78; 1.84]945722%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Latendresse, 2011Latendresse, 2011 11.70[2.20; 60.70]9130%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Mulder, 2011Mulder, 2011 25.16[1.43; 441.57]8960%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Roca, 2011Roca, 2011 3.44[1.30; 9.11]19841%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: criticalROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Reis (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2010Reis, 2010 13 1.46[1.31; 1.63]58,3024,8096%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Calderon-Margalit, 2009Calderon-Margalit, 2009 1.21[0.67; 2.21]2501322%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Lund (Controls unexposed, sick), 2009Lund, 2009 14 1.82[1.22; 2.72]2763293%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Toh b, 2009Toh b, 2009 1.12[0.64; 1.95]4321922%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: unclearROB classification: criticalROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Wisner (Controls unexposed, sick), 2009Wisner, 2009 15 0.96[0.23; 4.13]13480%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: lowROB classification: lowROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Diav-Citrin - Fluoxetine or Paroxetine, 2008Diav-Citrin - Fluoxetine or Paroxetine, 2008 1.41[0.99; 2.00]1416473%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: unclearROB reporting: moderate Davis, 2007Davis, 2007 1.45[1.25; 1.68]5,4341,7686%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Pearson (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2007Pearson, 2007 16 0.68[0.19; 2.45]20420%ROB confusion: unclearROB selection: criticalROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Suri, 2007Suri, 2007 3.00[0.34; 26.19]8490%ROB confusion: NAROB selection: NAROB classification: NAROB missing: NAROB mesure: NAROB reporting: NA Sivojelezova - Citalopram, 2005Sivojelezova - Citalopram, 2005 2.41[0.81; 7.18]161141%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Casper, 2003Casper, 2003 0.40[0.02; 6.93]2310%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Simon (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2002Simon, 2002 17 4.38[1.57; 12.22]251851%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Chambers - Fluoxetine, 1996Chambers - Fluoxetine, 1996 2.65[1.11; 6.35]23701%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: lowROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Pastuszak - Fluoxetine (Controls unexposed, NOS), 1993Pastuszak - Fluoxetine, 1993 18 0.85[0.27; 2.63]13851%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: criticalROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Total (43 studies) I2 = 71% 1.35[1.24; 1.47]237,18086,9240.2100.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

1: Controls unexposed, general pop; 2: Controls exposed to Bupropion; 3: Controls unexposed, sick; 4: Controls unexposed, sick; 5: Controls unexposed, sick; 6: Controls unexposed, sick; 7: Controls unexposed, sick; 8: Controls unexposed, sick; 9: Controls unexposed, sick; 10: Controls unexposed, sick; 11: Controls unexposed, sick; 12: Controls unexposed, sick; 13: Controls unexposed, NOS; 14: Controls unexposed, sick; 15: Controls unexposed, sick; 16: Controls unexposed, NOS; 17: Controls unexposed, NOS; 18: Controls unexposed, NOS;

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 1.35[1.24; 1.47]237,17986,91372%NALee (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025 Martin - Sertraline, 2024 Benevent, 2023 Rommel, 2022 Chen, 2021 Marks - Sertraline (Controls exposed to Bupropion), 2021 Gungor (Controls unexposed, sick), 2019 Jaeger, 2019 Richardson, 2019 Giardinelli (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 Cantarutti (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016 Kivistö, 2016 Ozturk - Escitalopram, 2016 Robinson-Wolrath, 2016 Hannerfors (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015 Malm (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015 Engelstad (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Sahingöz (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 de Vries, 2013 Colvin, 2012 El Marroun (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 Grzeskowiak a (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 Klieger-Grossmann - Escitalopram, 2012 Nordeng (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 Latendresse, 2011 Mulder, 2011 Roca, 2011 Reis (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2010 Calderon-Margalit, 2009 Lund (Controls unexposed, sick), 2009 Toh b, 2009 Wisner (Controls unexposed, sick), 2009 Diav-Citrin - Fluoxetine or Paroxetine, 2008 Davis, 2007 Pearson (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2007 Suri, 2007 Sivojelezova - Citalopram, 2005 Casper, 2003 Simon (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2002 Chambers - Fluoxetine, 1996 Pastuszak - Fluoxetine (Controls unexposed, NOS), 1993 41 case control studiescase control studies 0.88[0.12; 6.50]-- -NAOgawa, 2018 1 RCTRCT 0.79[0.02; 25.90]111 -NAHeinonen - Sertraline, 2021 1 Type of controls unexposed (disease free or unspecified)unexposed (disease free or unspecified) 1.40[1.29; 1.53]234,77050,97858%NALee (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025 Martin - Sertraline, 2024 Benevent, 2023 Jaeger, 2019 Richardson, 2019 Ogawa, 2018 Kivistö, 2016 Ozturk - Escitalopram, 2016 Robinson-Wolrath, 2016 de Vries, 2013 Colvin, 2012 Klieger-Grossmann - Escitalopram, 2012 Latendresse, 2011 Mulder, 2011 Roca, 2011 Reis (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2010 Calderon-Margalit, 2009 Toh b, 2009 Diav-Citrin - Fluoxetine or Paroxetine, 2008 Davis, 2007 Pearson (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2007 Suri, 2007 Sivojelezova - Citalopram, 2005 Simon (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2002 Chambers - Fluoxetine, 1996 Pastuszak - Fluoxetine (Controls unexposed, NOS), 1993 26 unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 1.33[1.10; 1.60]2,11134,29376%NARommel, 2022 Chen, 2021 Heinonen - Sertraline, 2021 Gungor (Controls unexposed, sick), 2019 Giardinelli (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 Cantarutti (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016 Hannerfors (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015 Malm (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015 Engelstad (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Sahingöz (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 El Marroun (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 Grzeskowiak a (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 Nordeng (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 Lund (Controls unexposed, sick), 2009 Wisner (Controls unexposed, sick), 2009 Casper, 2003 16 exposed to other treatment, sickexposed to other treatment, sick 0.95[0.70; 1.29]2991,653 -NAMarks - Sertraline (Controls exposed to Bupropion), 2021 1 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 1.38[1.22; 1.55]15,6748,22514%NABenevent, 2023 Marks - Sertraline (Controls exposed to Bupropion), 2021 Gungor (Controls unexposed, sick), 2019 Richardson, 2019 Giardinelli (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 Ozturk - Escitalopram, 2016 Hannerfors (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015 Engelstad (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Sahingöz (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 de Vries, 2013 El Marroun (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 Klieger-Grossmann - Escitalopram, 2012 Nordeng (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 Mulder, 2011 Lund (Controls unexposed, sick), 2009 Wisner (Controls unexposed, sick), 2009 Diav-Citrin - Fluoxetine or Paroxetine, 2008 Davis, 2007 Pearson (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2007 Suri, 2007 Sivojelezova - Citalopram, 2005 Casper, 2003 Chambers - Fluoxetine, 1996 Pastuszak - Fluoxetine (Controls unexposed, NOS), 1993 24   - Randomisation  - Randomisation 0.79[0.02; 25.90]111 -NAHeinonen - Sertraline, 2021 1   - Yes  - Yes 1.34[1.20; 1.49]221,50578,68885%NALee (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025 Martin - Sertraline, 2024 Rommel, 2022 Chen, 2021 Jaeger, 2019 Ogawa, 2018 Cantarutti (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016 Kivistö, 2016 Robinson-Wolrath, 2016 Malm (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015 Colvin, 2012 Grzeskowiak a (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 Latendresse, 2011 Roca, 2011 Reis (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2010 Calderon-Margalit, 2009 Toh b, 2009 Simon (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2002 18 MatchedMatched 2.48[1.50; 4.10]10164021%NAKlieger-Grossmann - Escitalopram, 2012 Roca, 2011 Sivojelezova - Citalopram, 2005 Simon (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2002 Pastuszak - Fluoxetine (Controls unexposed, NOS), 1993 5 Monotherapy   - no or not specified  - no or not specified 1.40[1.20; 1.63]15,81324,75177%NAChen, 2021 Jaeger, 2019 Richardson, 2019 Giardinelli (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 Ogawa, 2018 Cantarutti (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016 Ozturk - Escitalopram, 2016 Hannerfors (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015 Malm (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015 Sahingöz (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Colvin, 2012 El Marroun (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 Nordeng (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 Latendresse, 2011 Roca, 2011 Calderon-Margalit, 2009 Lund (Controls unexposed, sick), 2009 Wisner (Controls unexposed, sick), 2009 Diav-Citrin - Fluoxetine or Paroxetine, 2008 Davis, 2007 Suri, 2007 Sivojelezova - Citalopram, 2005 Casper, 2003 Chambers - Fluoxetine, 1996 24   - SSRI only  - SSRI only 1.39[1.22; 1.59]98,70025,91659%NALee (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025 Benevent, 2023 Rommel, 2022 Heinonen - Sertraline, 2021 Gungor (Controls unexposed, sick), 2019 Kivistö, 2016 Robinson-Wolrath, 2016 Engelstad (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 de Vries, 2013 Grzeskowiak a (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 Klieger-Grossmann - Escitalopram, 2012 Mulder, 2011 Reis (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2010 Toh b, 2009 Pearson (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2007 Simon (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2002 Pastuszak - Fluoxetine (Controls unexposed, NOS), 1993 17   - substance alone among all Antidep ( ...  - substance alone among all Antidep (SSRI, SNRI, ...) 1.15[0.86; 1.54]122,66736,25773%NAMartin - Sertraline, 2024 Marks - Sertraline (Controls exposed to Bupropion), 2021 2 Unexposed sick   - intermediate history of illness/tre ...  - intermediate history of illness/treatment (3-12 months before pregnancy) 1.08[0.86; 1.36]1,35032,73090%NARommel, 2022 Cantarutti (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016 Malm (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015 Nordeng (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 4   - old history of illness/treatment (> ...  - old history of illness/treatment (> 12 months before pregnancy) or not specified 1.82[1.23; 2.71]2803690%NAGungor (Controls unexposed, sick), 2019 Lund (Controls unexposed, sick), 2009 2   - recent illness/treatment (during o ...  - recent illness/treatment (during or juste before pregnancy or treatment stopped in view of pregnancy) 1.77[1.27; 2.48]38483135%NAChen, 2021 Giardinelli (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 El Marroun (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 Grzeskowiak a (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 Wisner (Controls unexposed, sick), 2009 Casper, 2003 6 All studiesAll studies 1.35[1.24; 1.47]237,18086,92471%NALee (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025 Martin - Sertraline, 2024 Benevent, 2023 Rommel, 2022 Chen, 2021 Heinonen - Sertraline, 2021 Marks - Sertraline (Controls exposed to Bupropion), 2021 Gungor (Controls unexposed, sick), 2019 Jaeger, 2019 Richardson, 2019 Giardinelli (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 Ogawa, 2018 Cantarutti (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016 Kivistö, 2016 Ozturk - Escitalopram, 2016 Robinson-Wolrath, 2016 Hannerfors (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015 Malm (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015 Engelstad (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Sahingöz (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 de Vries, 2013 Colvin, 2012 El Marroun (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 Grzeskowiak a (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 Klieger-Grossmann - Escitalopram, 2012 Nordeng (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 Latendresse, 2011 Mulder, 2011 Roca, 2011 Reis (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2010 Calderon-Margalit, 2009 Lund (Controls unexposed, sick), 2009 Toh b, 2009 Wisner (Controls unexposed, sick), 2009 Diav-Citrin - Fluoxetine or Paroxetine, 2008 Davis, 2007 Pearson (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2007 Suri, 2007 Sivojelezova - Citalopram, 2005 Casper, 2003 Simon (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2002 Chambers - Fluoxetine, 1996 Pastuszak - Fluoxetine (Controls unexposed, NOS), 1993 430.1100.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot
0.0-4.24.52.1370.000Lee (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025Martin - Sertraline, 2024Benevent, 2023Rommel, 2022Chen, 2021Heinonen - Sertraline, 2021Marks - Sertraline (Controls exposed to Bupropion), 2021Gungor (Controls unexposed, sick), 2019Jaeger, 2019Richardson, 2019Giardinelli (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018Ogawa, 2018Cantarutti (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016Kivistö, 2016Ozturk - Escitalopram, 2016Robinson-Wolrath, 2016Hannerfors (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015Malm (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015Engelstad (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014Sahingöz (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014de Vries, 2013Colvin, 2012El Marroun (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012Grzeskowiak a (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012Klieger-Grossmann - Escitalopram, 2012Nordeng (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012Latendresse, 2011Mulder, 2011Roca, 2011Reis (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2010Calderon-Margalit, 2009Lund (Controls unexposed, sick), 2009Toh b, 2009Wisner (Controls unexposed, sick), 2009Diav-Citrin - Fluoxetine or Paroxetine, 2008Davis, 2007Pearson (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2007Suri, 2007Sivojelezova - Citalopram, 2005Casper, 2003Simon (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2002Chambers - Fluoxetine, 1996Pastuszak - Fluoxetine (Controls unexposed, NOS), 1993

Asymetry test p-value = 0.3545 (by Egger's regression)

slope=0.2584 (0.0341); intercept=0.3469 (0.3585); t=0.9677; p=0.3545

p values plot
0.01.00.01.0

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 6994, 11220, 491, 5408, 6999, 5411, 5961, 496, 7769, 13017, 6107, 7574, 7921, 12918, 8158, 18442

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 1.42[1.31; 1.55]246,73968,26666%NALee (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025 Martin - Sertraline, 2024 Benevent, 2023 Gungor (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2019 Jaeger, 2019 Richardson, 2019 Giardinelli (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2018 Ogawa, 2018 Cantarutti (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2016 Kivistö, 2016 Ozturk - Escitalopram, 2016 Robinson-Wolrath, 2016 Hannerfors (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2015 Malm (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2015 Sahingöz (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2014 de Vries, 2013 Colvin, 2012 El Marroun (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2012 Grzeskowiak a (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2012 Klieger-Grossmann - Escitalopram, 2012 Nordeng (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2012 Latendresse, 2011 Mulder, 2011 Roca, 2011 Reis (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2010 Calderon-Margalit, 2009 Lund (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2009 Toh b, 2009 Wisner (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2009 Diav-Citrin - Fluoxetine or Paroxetine, 2008 Davis, 2007 Pearson (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2007 Suri, 2007 Sivojelezova - Citalopram, 2005 Simon (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2002 Chambers - Fluoxetine, 1996 Pastuszak - Fluoxetine (Controls unexposed, NOS), 1993 37 unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls 1.33[1.10; 1.60]2,11134,29376%NARommel, 2022 Chen, 2021 Heinonen - Sertraline, 2021 Gungor (Controls unexposed, sick), 2019 Giardinelli (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 Cantarutti (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016 Hannerfors (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015 Malm (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015 Engelstad (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Sahingöz (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 El Marroun (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 Grzeskowiak a (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 Nordeng (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 Lund (Controls unexposed, sick), 2009 Wisner (Controls unexposed, sick), 2009 Casper, 2003 16 exposed to other treatment, sick controlsexposed to other treatment, sick controls 0.82[0.66; 1.01]9848,19427%NALee (Controls exposed to TCAs), 2025 Marks - Sertraline (Controls exposed to Bupropion), 2021 Gungor (Controls exposed to Mirtazapine), 2019 Reis (Controls exposed to TCA), 2010 Pearson (Controls exposed to TCA), 2007 Simon (Controls exposed to TCA), 2002 60.510.01.0

Umbrella review (other published meta-analyses)

Published MAControlPeriodTE95% CIn exposedkI2 Lattimore - SSRI (Prematurity)Lattimore - SSRI (Prematurity) 1.85[0.79; 4.29]-Wwhatever (meta-analysis)Anyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT-9 Biffi - SSRI (Preterm birth)Biffi - SSRI (Preterm birth) 1.43[1.22; 1.67]63%-Wwhatever (meta-analysis)Anyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT10 Huang (Preterm birth (< 37 weeks gestational age))Huang (Preterm birth (< 37 weeks gestational age)) 1.74[1.52; 2.00]-Wwhatever (meta-analysis)Anyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT18 Eke - SSRI (Preterm birth (< 37 weeks) _ Vers ...Eke - SSRI (Preterm birth (< 37 weeks) _ Versus women with depression but without SSRI exposure) 1.17[1.10; 1.25]0%-U,Sunexposed, sickAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT-9 Eke - SSRI (Preterm birth (<37 weeks), Adjust ...Eke - SSRI (Preterm birth (<37 weeks), Adjusted _ Versus women with depression but without SSRI exposure and women without depression) 1.24[1.09; 1.41]75%-Wwhatever (meta-analysis)Anyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT3 Vlenterie - SSRI (Preterm birth (delivery bef ...Vlenterie - SSRI (Preterm birth (delivery before 37 weeks of gestation)) 1.90[1.20; 2.80]-U,GPunexposed (general population or NOS)Anyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT3 Vlenterie - SSRI (Preterm birth (delivery bef ...Vlenterie - SSRI (Preterm birth (delivery before 37 weeks of gestation)) 1.60[1.00; 2.50]-U,Sunexposed, sickAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT3 Chang - SSRI (Preterm birth (in Pregnant Wome ...Chang - SSRI (Preterm birth (in Pregnant Women With Depression)) 1.46[1.32; 1.61]0%-Anyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT4 Chang - SSRI (Preterm birth (in the General P ...Chang - SSRI (Preterm birth (in the General Pregnant Female Population)) 1.25[1.01; 1.57]85.6%-U,GPunexposed (general population or NOS)Anyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT9 McDonagh - SSRI (Preterm birth (less than 37 ...McDonagh - SSRI (Preterm birth (less than 37 weeks of gestation)) 1.87[0.89; 3.89]NA-U,Sunexposed, sickAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT2 metaPregmetaPreg 1.35[1.24; 1.47]71%86,924----Lee (Controls unexposed, general pop), 2025 Martin - Sertraline, 2024 Benevent, 2023 Rommel, 2022 Chen, 2021 Heinonen - Sertraline, 2021 Marks - Sertraline (Controls exposed to Bupropion), 2021 Gungor (Controls unexposed, sick), 2019 Jaeger, 2019 Richardson, 2019 Giardinelli (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 Ogawa, 2018 Cantarutti (Controls unexposed, sick), 2016 Kivistö, 2016 Ozturk - Escitalopram, 2016 Robinson-Wolrath, 2016 Hannerfors (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015 Malm (Controls unexposed, sick), 2015 Engelstad (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Sahingöz (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 de Vries, 2013 Colvin, 2012 El Marroun (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 Grzeskowiak a (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 Klieger-Grossmann - Escitalopram, 2012 Nordeng (Controls unexposed, sick), 2012 Latendresse, 2011 Mulder, 2011 Roca, 2011 Reis (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2010 Calderon-Margalit, 2009 Lund (Controls unexposed, sick), 2009 Toh b, 2009 Wisner (Controls unexposed, sick), 2009 Diav-Citrin - Fluoxetine or Paroxetine, 2008 Davis, 2007 Pearson (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2007 Suri, 2007 Sivojelezova - Citalopram, 2005 Casper, 2003 Simon (Controls unexposed, NOS), 2002 Chambers - Fluoxetine, 1996 Pastuszak - Fluoxetine (Controls unexposed, NOS), 1993 430.510.01.0