Beta-blockers (All routes except ocular) (versus unexposed) updated on 12-17-2024

Small for gestational age (weight)

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S17127
R71773		 Delteil - Beta-blockers, 2024 Small for gestational age (weight) at least 1st trimester retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes Indications Antihypertensive: Only chronic indication (hypertension or cardiac) 2.17 [1.80;2.62] 149/687   13,794/135,159 13,943 687
ref
S17237
R72139		 Albertini - Beta-blockers, 2023 Intrauterine growth restriction (birth weight <10th percentile based on the World Health Organization growth curves for female and male infants) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Indications Antihypertensive: Only cardiac indications other than hypertension (long QT syndrome, structural heart disease, ...) 4.07 [0.21;78.54] C 10/44   0/7 10 44
ref
S17235
R72135		 Kubota - Beta-blockers, 2023 Small for gestational age (birth weights evaluated using the new standard value of physique at birth by gestational age) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Indications Antihypertensive: Only cardiac indications other than hypertension (long QT syndrome, structural heart disease, ...) 13.78 [3.77;50.36] C 5/11   15/263 20 11
ref
S17151
R71929		 Al Khalaf - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2022 Fetal growth restriction during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: No Indications Antihypertensive: Only chronic hypertension indication 2.83 [2.33;3.44] C
excluded (control group) 		106/1,952   34,584/1,739,944 34,690 1,952
ref
S17148
R71906		 Al Khalaf - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2022 Fetal growth restriction during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Indications Antihypertensive: Only chronic hypertension indication 1.60 [1.27;2.02] C 106/1,952   270/7,809 376 1,952
ref
S13995
R54974		 Baard - Beta-blockers, 2020 Small for gestational age during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Indications Antihypertensive: Only cardiac indications other than hypertension (long QT syndrome, structural heart disease, ...) 0.89 [0.41;1.90] C 12/43   41/135 53 43
ref
S13509
R52192		 Fitton - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2020 Small for gestational age (birth weight below the 10th percentile) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: Yes Indications Antihypertensive: All hypertensions, any indications or not specified 2.22 [1.77;2.80]
excluded (control group) 		160/985   24,121/250,693 24,281 985
ref
S14420
R57248		 Fitton - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Small for gestational age (birth weight below the 10th percentile) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Indications Antihypertensive: All hypertensions, any indications or not specified 1.27 [1.06;1.52] C 160/985   1,059/7,971 1,219 985
ref
S13853
R54275		 Kayser - Metoprolol/bisoprolol, 2020 Small for gestational age (birth weight < 10th percentile for gestational age and sex- 2nd and/or 3rd trimester prospective cohort unexposed, disease free Adjustment: Yes Indications Antihypertensive: All hypertensions, any indications or not specified 4.30 [2.60;7.10] 66/274   58/587 124 274
ref
S13854
R54332		 Kumar - Beta-blockers, 2020 Small for gestational age during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort unexposed, disease free Adjustment: No Indications Antihypertensive: All hypertensions, any indications or not specified 0.94 [0.60;1.46] C 23/228   439/4,103 462 228
ref
S14051
R55682		 Xiang - Labetalol, 2020 Smaller than gestational age (birth weight <10 percentile, based on Waitz et al curves) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) randomized controlled trial unexposed, sick Adjustment: Randomisation Indications Antihypertensive: Only chronic hypertension indication 2.87 [1.63;5.05] C 53/124   25/121 78 124
ref
S13863
R54226		 Mazkereth - Beta-blockers, 2019 Small for gestational age (birth weight for gestational age <= 10th) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Indications Antihypertensive: All hypertensions, any indications or not specified Matched 2.00 [0.98;4.10] C 24/153   13/153 37 153
ref
S13902
R54408		 Duan - Beta-blockers, 2018 Small for gestational age (birth weight <10th percentile for the corresponding gestational week) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes Indications Antihypertensive: All hypertensions, any indications or not specified 2.60 [2.40;2.90] 796/4,847   32,488/374,391 33,284 4,847
ref
S13905
R54500		 Fisher b - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2018 Small for gestational age (birthweight < 10th percentile for a given gestational age in weeks, sex, race/ethnicity, and parity) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: Yes Indications Antihypertensive: All hypertensions, any indications or not specified 1.29 [0.50;3.29]
excluded (control group) 		5/54   923/10,050 928 54
ref
S13917
R54501		 Fisher b - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 Small for gestational age (birthweight < 10th percentile for a given gestational age in weeks, sex, race/ethnicity, and parity) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Indications Antihypertensive: All hypertensions, any indications or not specified 0.75 [0.29;1.92] C 5/54   101/839 106 54
ref
S14079
R55427		 Gandjbakhch - Beta-blockers, 2018 Severe Intrauterine growth restriction (NOS) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Indications Antihypertensive: Only cardiac indications other than hypertension (long QT syndrome, structural heart disease, ...) 3.00 [0.17;51.75] C 1/13   1/37 2 13
ref
S13883
R54316		 Thewissen - Labetalol (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2017 Small for gestational age during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: No Indications Antihypertensive: All hypertensions, any indications or not specified Matched 2.10 [0.18;25.01] C
excluded (control group) 		2/22   1/22 3 22
ref
S13866
R54313		 Thewissen - Labetalol (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 Small for gestational age during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Indications Antihypertensive: All hypertensions, any indications or not specified Matched 0.27 [0.05;1.50] C 2/22   6/22 8 22
ref
S14071
R55396		 Tanaka - Beta-blockers, 2016 Fetal growth restriction (considered equivalent to light for gestational age, birth weight <10th percentile for gestational age) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes Indications Antihypertensive: Only cardiac indications other than hypertension (long QT syndrome, structural heart disease, ...) 9.21 [2.34;320.53] 12/45   3/100 15 45
ref
S13958
R54678		 Ersboll - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2014 Small for gestational age (birthweight below the tenth percentile according to gestational age) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: No Indications Antihypertensive: Only cardiac indications other than hypertension (long QT syndrome, structural heart disease, ...) Matched 2.49 [1.31;4.73] C
excluded (control group) 		15/51   90/627 105 51
ref
S13957
R54667		 Ersboll - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Small for gestational age (birthweight below the tenth percentile according to gestational age) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes Indications Antihypertensive: Only cardiac indications other than hypertension (long QT syndrome, structural heart disease, ...) 2.65 [1.15;6.10] 15/51   19/124 34 51
ref
S13480
R52005		 Orbach - Atenolol, 2013 Small for gestational age 3rd trimester retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed, disease free Adjustment: Yes Indications Antihypertensive: All hypertensions, any indications or not specified 4.80 [2.07;11.10] 6/107   1,704/97,820 1,710 107
ref
S13448
R51809		 Su - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2013 Small for gestational age (<10th percentile for gestational age and gender) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) population based cohort retrospective unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: No Indications Antihypertensive: Only chronic hypertension indication 1.84 [1.46;2.31] C
excluded (control group) 		103/414   1,250/8,181 1,353 414
ref
S13442
R51791		 Su - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick) , 2013 Small for gestational age (<10th percentile for gestational age and gender) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) population based cohort retrospective unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes Indications Antihypertensive: Only chronic hypertension indication 1.44 [1.09;1.90] 103/414   184/1,006 287 414
ref
S13882
R54319		 Petersen - Beta-blockers, 2012 Small for gestational age (birth weight < 10th percentile for the corresponding gestational week) 1st and 2nd trimester population based cohort retrospective unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes Indications Antihypertensive: Only chronic hypertension indication 1.97 [1.75;2.23] 446/2,459   93,662/909,226 94,108 2,459
ref
S13474
R51972		 Nakhai-Pour - Beta-blockers, 2010 Small for gestational age (a birth weight less than the 10th percentile for that gestational age and gender) 2nd and/or 3rd trimester nested case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No Indications Antihypertensive: All hypertensions, any indications or not specified 1.71 [0.70;4.21] C 6/29   7,439/56,305 7,445 29
ref
S13385
R54061		 Bayliss - Atenolol, 2002 Small for gestational age (birth weight for gestation on or below the 10th percentile using Gairdner– Pearson growth charts) throughout pregnancy retrospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes Indications Antihypertensive: Only chronic hypertension indication 2.81 [1.27;6.24] 26/40   49/171 75 40
ref
S13392
R54160		 Ray - Beta-blockers, 2001 Small for gestational age (birthweight below the 10th centile for gestational age) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) prospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes Indications Antihypertensive: Only chronic hypertension indication 2.30 [1.10;4.50] 27/144   18/247 45 144
ref
S13587
R52685		 Lydakis - Atenolol, 1999 Small for gestational age (<10th percentile) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Indications Antihypertensive: Only chronic hypertension indication 3.60 [1.84;7.06] C 38/78   19/91 57 78
ref
S13975
R54825		 Cruickshank - Labetalol, 1990 Intrauterine growth retardation (NOS) 3rd trimester randomized controlled trial unexposed, sick Adjustment: Randomisation Indications Antihypertensive: All hypertensions, any indications or not specified 1.30 [0.39;4.33] C 6/31   7/45 13 31
ref
S14027
R55129		 Rosenfeld - Pindolol, 1986 Birth weight small for date ( < 250 in Usher’s curve) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) randomized controlled trial unexposed, sick Adjustment: Randomisation Indications Antihypertensive: All hypertensions, any indications or not specified 2.11 [0.34;12.86] C 4/23   2/22 6 23
ref
S14041
R55419		 Lieberman - Propranolol, 1978 Birth weight below the fifth centile (according to raw data, it corresponds to SGA rather LBW) during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) retrospective cohort unexposed, sick Adjustment: No Indications Antihypertensive: All hypertensions, any indications or not specified 9.63 [1.38;67.25] C 7/9   4/15 11 9
ref
Total 26 studies 2.02 [1.68;2.43] 153,528 12,867
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Delteil - Beta-blockers, 2024Delteil - Beta-blockers, 2024 2.17[1.80; 2.62]13,9436878%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Albertini - Beta-blockers, 2023Albertini - Beta-blockers, 2023 4.07[0.21; 78.54]10440%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: unclearROB classification: unclearROB missing: unclearROB mesure: unclearROB reporting: moderate Kubota - Beta-blockers, 2023Kubota - Beta-blockers, 2023 13.78[3.77; 50.36]20112%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: unclearROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: critical Al Khalaf - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2022Al Khalaf - Beta-blockers, 2022 1 1.60[1.27; 2.02]3761,9528%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: unclearROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Baard - Beta-blockers, 2020Baard - Beta-blockers, 2020 0.89[0.41; 1.90]53433%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: unclearROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Fitton - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020Fitton - Beta-blockers, 2020 2 1.27[1.06; 1.52]1,2199858%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: moderateROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Kayser - Metoprolol/bisoprolol, 2020Kayser - Metoprolol/bisoprolol, 2020 4.30[2.60; 7.10]1242745%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: unclearROB reporting: moderate Kumar - Beta-blockers, 2020Kumar - Beta-blockers, 2020 0.94[0.60; 1.46]4622286%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Xiang - Labetalol, 2020Xiang - Labetalol, 2020 2.87[1.63; 5.05]781245%ROB confusion: lowROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Mazkereth - Beta-blockers, 2019Mazkereth - Beta-blockers, 2019 2.00[0.98; 4.10]371534%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Duan - Beta-blockers, 2018Duan - Beta-blockers, 2018 2.60[2.40; 2.90]33,2844,8478%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Fisher b - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018Fisher b - Beta-blockers, 2018 3 0.75[0.29; 1.92]106543%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Gandjbakhch - Beta-blockers, 2018Gandjbakhch - Beta-blockers, 2018 3.00[0.17; 51.75]2130%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: lowROB classification: criticalROB missing: unclearROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Thewissen - Labetalol (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017Thewissen - Labetalol, 2017 4 0.27[0.05; 1.50]8221%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: unclearROB classification: criticalROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Tanaka - Beta-blockers, 2016Tanaka - Beta-blockers, 2016 9.21[2.34; 320.53]15451%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: criticalROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Ersboll - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014Ersboll - Beta-blockers, 2014 5 2.65[1.15; 6.10]34513%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Orbach - Atenolol, 2013Orbach - Atenolol, 2013 4.80[2.07; 11.10]1,7101073%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Su - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick) , 2013Su - Beta-blockers, 2013 6 1.44[1.09; 1.90]2874147%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Petersen - Beta-blockers, 2012Petersen - Beta-blockers, 2012 1.97[1.75; 2.23]94,1082,4598%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Nakhai-Pour - Beta-blockers, 2010Nakhai-Pour - Beta-blockers, 2010 1.71[0.70; 4.21]7,445293%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: lowROB classification: criticalROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Bayliss - Atenolol, 2002Bayliss - Atenolol, 2002 2.81[1.27; 6.24]75403%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: lowROB classification: lowROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Ray - Beta-blockers, 2001Ray - Beta-blockers, 2001 2.30[1.10; 4.50]451444%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Lydakis - Atenolol, 1999Lydakis - Atenolol, 1999 3.60[1.84; 7.06]57784%ROB confusion: seriousROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Cruickshank - Labetalol, 1990Cruickshank - Labetalol, 1990 1.30[0.39; 4.33]13312%ROB confusion: lowROB selection: unclearROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Rosenfeld - Pindolol, 1986Rosenfeld - Pindolol, 1986 2.11[0.34; 12.86]6231%ROB confusion: lowROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: lowROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Lieberman - Propranolol, 1978Lieberman - Propranolol, 1978 9.63[1.38; 67.25]1191%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: unclearROB classification: unclearROB missing: lowROB mesure: unclearROB reporting: moderate Total (26 studies) I2 = 79% 2.02[1.68; 2.43]153,52812,8670.250.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

1: Controls unexposed, sick; 2: Controls unexposed, sick; 3: Controls unexposed, sick; 4: Controls unexposed, sick; 5: Controls unexposed, sick; 6: Controls unexposed, sick;

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 2.02[1.65; 2.46]145,98612,66082%NADelteil - Beta-blockers, 2024 Albertini - Beta-blockers, 2023 Kubota - Beta-blockers, 2023 Al Khalaf - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2022 Baard - Beta-blockers, 2020 Fitton - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Kayser - Metoprolol/bisoprolol, 2020 Kumar - Beta-blockers, 2020 Mazkereth - Beta-blockers, 2019 Duan - Beta-blockers, 2018 Fisher b - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 Gandjbakhch - Beta-blockers, 2018 Thewissen - Labetalol (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 Tanaka - Beta-blockers, 2016 Ersboll - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Orbach - Atenolol, 2013 Su - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick) , 2013 Petersen - Beta-blockers, 2012 Bayliss - Atenolol, 2002 Ray - Beta-blockers, 2001 Lydakis - Atenolol, 1999 Lieberman - Propranolol, 1978 22 case control studiescase control studies 1.71[0.70; 4.21]7,44529 -NANakhai-Pour - Beta-blockers, 2010 1 RCTRCT 2.45[1.50; 4.02]971780%NAXiang - Labetalol, 2020 Cruickshank - Labetalol, 1990 Rosenfeld - Pindolol, 1986 3 Type of controls unexposed (disease free or unspecified)unexposed (disease free or unspecified) 2.22[1.76; 2.81]151,0768,63184%NADelteil - Beta-blockers, 2024 Kayser - Metoprolol/bisoprolol, 2020 Kumar - Beta-blockers, 2020 Duan - Beta-blockers, 2018 Orbach - Atenolol, 2013 Petersen - Beta-blockers, 2012 Nakhai-Pour - Beta-blockers, 2010 7 unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 1.90[1.48; 2.44]2,4524,23661%NAAlbertini - Beta-blockers, 2023 Kubota - Beta-blockers, 2023 Al Khalaf - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2022 Baard - Beta-blockers, 2020 Fitton - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Xiang - Labetalol, 2020 Mazkereth - Beta-blockers, 2019 Fisher b - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 Gandjbakhch - Beta-blockers, 2018 Thewissen - Labetalol (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 Tanaka - Beta-blockers, 2016 Ersboll - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Su - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick) , 2013 Bayliss - Atenolol, 2002 Ray - Beta-blockers, 2001 Lydakis - Atenolol, 1999 Cruickshank - Labetalol, 1990 Rosenfeld - Pindolol, 1986 Lieberman - Propranolol, 1978 19 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 1.60[1.16; 2.20]9,8063,62168%NAAlbertini - Beta-blockers, 2023 Kubota - Beta-blockers, 2023 Al Khalaf - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2022 Baard - Beta-blockers, 2020 Fitton - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Kumar - Beta-blockers, 2020 Mazkereth - Beta-blockers, 2019 Fisher b - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 Gandjbakhch - Beta-blockers, 2018 Thewissen - Labetalol (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 Nakhai-Pour - Beta-blockers, 2010 Lydakis - Atenolol, 1999 Lieberman - Propranolol, 1978 13   - Randomisation  - Randomisation 2.45[1.50; 4.02]971780%NAXiang - Labetalol, 2020 Cruickshank - Labetalol, 1990 Rosenfeld - Pindolol, 1986 3   - Yes  - Yes 2.35[1.95; 2.84]143,6259,06874%NADelteil - Beta-blockers, 2024 Kayser - Metoprolol/bisoprolol, 2020 Duan - Beta-blockers, 2018 Tanaka - Beta-blockers, 2016 Ersboll - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Orbach - Atenolol, 2013 Su - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick) , 2013 Petersen - Beta-blockers, 2012 Bayliss - Atenolol, 2002 Ray - Beta-blockers, 2001 10 Indications Antihypertensive   - All hypertensions, any indications ...  - All hypertensions, any indications or not specified 1.83[1.25; 2.67]44,4256,76287%NAFitton - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Kayser - Metoprolol/bisoprolol, 2020 Kumar - Beta-blockers, 2020 Mazkereth - Beta-blockers, 2019 Duan - Beta-blockers, 2018 Fisher b - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 Thewissen - Labetalol (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 Orbach - Atenolol, 2013 Nakhai-Pour - Beta-blockers, 2010 Cruickshank - Labetalol, 1990 Rosenfeld - Pindolol, 1986 Lieberman - Propranolol, 1978 12   - Only cardiac indications other than ...  - Only cardiac indications other than hypertension (long QT syndrome, structural heart disease, ...) 3.36[1.21; 9.34]13420766%NAAlbertini - Beta-blockers, 2023 Kubota - Beta-blockers, 2023 Baard - Beta-blockers, 2020 Gandjbakhch - Beta-blockers, 2018 Tanaka - Beta-blockers, 2016 Ersboll - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 6   - Only chronic hypertension indication  - Only chronic hypertension indication 1.95[1.61; 2.38]95,0265,21154%NAAl Khalaf - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2022 Xiang - Labetalol, 2020 Su - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick) , 2013 Petersen - Beta-blockers, 2012 Bayliss - Atenolol, 2002 Ray - Beta-blockers, 2001 Lydakis - Atenolol, 1999 7   - Only chronic indication (hypertensi ...  - Only chronic indication (hypertension or cardiac) 2.17[1.80; 2.62]13,943687 -NADelteil - Beta-blockers, 2024 1 MatchedMatched 0.86[0.12; 6.04]4517578%NAMazkereth - Beta-blockers, 2019 Thewissen - Labetalol (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 2 All studiesAll studies 2.02[1.68; 2.43]153,52812,86779%NADelteil - Beta-blockers, 2024 Albertini - Beta-blockers, 2023 Kubota - Beta-blockers, 2023 Al Khalaf - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2022 Baard - Beta-blockers, 2020 Fitton - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Kayser - Metoprolol/bisoprolol, 2020 Kumar - Beta-blockers, 2020 Xiang - Labetalol, 2020 Mazkereth - Beta-blockers, 2019 Duan - Beta-blockers, 2018 Fisher b - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 Gandjbakhch - Beta-blockers, 2018 Thewissen - Labetalol (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 Tanaka - Beta-blockers, 2016 Ersboll - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Orbach - Atenolol, 2013 Su - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick) , 2013 Petersen - Beta-blockers, 2012 Nakhai-Pour - Beta-blockers, 2010 Bayliss - Atenolol, 2002 Ray - Beta-blockers, 2001 Lydakis - Atenolol, 1999 Cruickshank - Labetalol, 1990 Rosenfeld - Pindolol, 1986 Lieberman - Propranolol, 1978 260.150.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot
0.0-3.64.31.8120.000Delteil - Beta-blockers, 2024Albertini - Beta-blockers, 2023Kubota - Beta-blockers, 2023Al Khalaf - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2022Baard - Beta-blockers, 2020Fitton - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020Kayser - Metoprolol/bisoprolol, 2020Kumar - Beta-blockers, 2020Xiang - Labetalol, 2020Mazkereth - Beta-blockers, 2019Duan - Beta-blockers, 2018Fisher b - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018Gandjbakhch - Beta-blockers, 2018Thewissen - Labetalol (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017Tanaka - Beta-blockers, 2016Ersboll - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014Orbach - Atenolol, 2013Su - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick) , 2013Petersen - Beta-blockers, 2012Nakhai-Pour - Beta-blockers, 2010Bayliss - Atenolol, 2002Ray - Beta-blockers, 2001Lydakis - Atenolol, 1999Cruickshank - Labetalol, 1990Rosenfeld - Pindolol, 1986Lieberman - Propranolol, 1978

Asymetry test p-value = 0.9704 (by Egger's regression)

slope=0.7400 (0.0888); intercept=-0.1144 (0.5914); t=0.1935; p=0.9704

p values plot
0.01.00.01.0

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 13448, 13958, 13883, 13905, 13509, 17151

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 2.22[1.90; 2.59]212,43612,10975%NADelteil - Beta-blockers, 2024 Al Khalaf - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2022 Fitton - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2020 Kayser - Metoprolol/bisoprolol, 2020 Kumar - Beta-blockers, 2020 Duan - Beta-blockers, 2018 Fisher b - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2018 Thewissen - Labetalol (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2017 Ersboll - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2014 Orbach - Atenolol, 2013 Su - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2013 Petersen - Beta-blockers, 2012 Nakhai-Pour - Beta-blockers, 2010 13 unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls 1.90[1.48; 2.44]2,4524,23661%NAAlbertini - Beta-blockers, 2023 Kubota - Beta-blockers, 2023 Al Khalaf - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2022 Baard - Beta-blockers, 2020 Fitton - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Xiang - Labetalol, 2020 Mazkereth - Beta-blockers, 2019 Fisher b - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 Gandjbakhch - Beta-blockers, 2018 Thewissen - Labetalol (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 Tanaka - Beta-blockers, 2016 Ersboll - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Su - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick) , 2013 Bayliss - Atenolol, 2002 Ray - Beta-blockers, 2001 Lydakis - Atenolol, 1999 Cruickshank - Labetalol, 1990 Rosenfeld - Pindolol, 1986 Lieberman - Propranolol, 1978 190.510.01.0

Umbrella review (other published meta-analyses)

Published MAControlPeriodTE95% CIn exposedkI2 Al Khalaf (Small for gestational age (adjuste ...Al Khalaf (Small for gestational age (adjusted studies)) 1.84[1.20; 2.82]41%-U,Sunexposed, sickAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT3 Al Khalaf (Small for gestational age (adjuste ...Al Khalaf (Small for gestational age (adjusted studies)) 4.80[2.07; 11.13]NA-U,DFunexposed, disease freeAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT1 Al Khalaf (Small for gestational age (crude O ...Al Khalaf (Small for gestational age (crude OR studies)) 3.35[1.47; 7.64]NA-U,DFunexposed, disease freeAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT1 Al Khalaf (Small for gestational age (crude O ...Al Khalaf (Small for gestational age (crude OR studies)) 2.21[1.28; 3.88]70%-U,Sunexposed, sickAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT3 Bellos - Atenolol (Small for gestational age ...Bellos - Atenolol (Small for gestational age (Randomized controlled trial and Cohort studies)) 4.95[2.72; 8.98]NA-U,Sunexposed, sickAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT-9 Bellos - Labetalol (Small for gestational age ...Bellos - Labetalol (Small for gestational age (Randomized controlled trial and Cohort studies)) 2.44[1.36; 4.41]NA-U,Sunexposed, sickAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT-9 Bellos - Pindolol (Small for gestational age ...Bellos - Pindolol (Small for gestational age (Randomized controlled trial and Cohort studies)) 0.79[0.04; 15.13]NA-U,Sunexposed, sickAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT-9 Al Khalaf (Small for gestational age (versus ...Al Khalaf (Small for gestational age (versus methyldopa)) 1.95[1.21; 3.15]NA-Eexposed to other treatment, sickAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT1 Bone - GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION (Small for ge ...Bone - GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION (Small for gestational age infants) 1.30[0.57; 3.17]47%-U,Sunexposed, sickAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT-9 Bone - GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION (Small for ge ...Bone - GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION (Small for gestational age infants (versus methyldopa)) 1.16[0.24; 6.30]32%-Eexposed to other treatment, sickAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT-9 Magee (Small-for- gestational-age infants)Magee (Small-for- gestational-age infants) 0.69[0.48; 0.99]0%-Eexposed to other treatment, sickAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT7 Magee (Small-for- gestational-age infants.)Magee (Small-for- gestational-age infants.) 1.36[1.02; 1.82]0%-U,Sunexposed, sickAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT12 Bellos - Atenolol (Small-for-gestational age ...Bellos - Atenolol (Small-for-gestational age (Randomized controlled trial only)) Out of scale26.00[2.61; 259.29]NA-U,Sunexposed, sickAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT-9 Bellos - Labetalol (Small-for-gestational age ...Bellos - Labetalol (Small-for-gestational age (Randomized controlled trial only)) 1.17[0.58; 2.36]NA-U,Sunexposed, sickAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT-9 Bellos - Pindolol (Small-for-gestational age ...Bellos - Pindolol (Small-for-gestational age (Randomized controlled trial only)) 0.79[0.04; 14.03]NA-U,Sunexposed, sickAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT-9 Abalos (Small-for-gestational age (RCT versus ...Abalos (Small-for-gestational age (RCT versus no antihypertensive drugs/placebo)) 1.30[0.86; 1.97]24%-U,Sunexposed, sickAnyduring pregnancy (anytime or not specified)studies TTT9 metaPregmetaPreg 2.02[1.68; 2.43]79%12,867----Delteil - Beta-blockers, 2024 Albertini - Beta-blockers, 2023 Kubota - Beta-blockers, 2023 Al Khalaf - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2022 Baard - Beta-blockers, 2020 Fitton - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2020 Kayser - Metoprolol/bisoprolol, 2020 Kumar - Beta-blockers, 2020 Xiang - Labetalol, 2020 Mazkereth - Beta-blockers, 2019 Duan - Beta-blockers, 2018 Fisher b - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2018 Gandjbakhch - Beta-blockers, 2018 Thewissen - Labetalol (Controls unexposed, sick), 2017 Tanaka - Beta-blockers, 2016 Ersboll - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Orbach - Atenolol, 2013 Su - Beta-blockers (Controls unexposed, sick) , 2013 Petersen - Beta-blockers, 2012 Nakhai-Pour - Beta-blockers, 2010 Bayliss - Atenolol, 2002 Ray - Beta-blockers, 2001 Lydakis - Atenolol, 1999 Cruickshank - Labetalol, 1990 Rosenfeld - Pindolol, 1986 Lieberman - Propranolol, 1978 260.510.01.0