Flunitrazepam updated on 02-10-2025

All congenital malformations (majors, minors, majors and minors, or unspecified)

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S15392
R64474		 Noh, 2022 Overall major congenital malformations 1st trimester population based cohort retrospective unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: Not specified 1.37 [1.07;1.76] 68/824   156,896/3,053,381 156,964 824
ref
S15592
R64461		 Källén, 2013 Relatively severe malformations early pregnancy population based cohort retrospective unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: Not specified 1.02 [0.44;2.01] 8/184   49,499/1,575,847 49,507 184
ref
Total 2 studies 1.33 [1.05;1.69] 206,471 1,008
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Noh, 2022Noh, 2022 1.37[1.07; 1.76]156,96482490%ROB confusion: moderateROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: low Källén, 2013Källén, 2013 1.02[0.44; 2.01]49,50718410%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Total (2 studies) I2 = 0% 1.33[1.05; 1.69]206,4711,0080.55.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 1.33[1.05; 1.69]206,4711,0080%NANoh, 2022 Källén, 2013 2 case control studiescase control studies 0 Type of controls unexposed (disease free or unspecified)unexposed (disease free or unspecified) 1.02[0.48; 2.18]49,507184 -NAKällén, 2013 1 unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 1.37[1.07; 1.76]156,964824 -NANoh, 2022 1 Tags Adjustment   - Yes  - Yes 1.33[1.05; 1.69]206,4711,0080%NANoh, 2022 Källén, 2013 2 BZD Coexposure   - Not specified  - Not specified 1.33[1.05; 1.69]206,4711,0080%NANoh, 2022 Källén, 2013 2 All studiesAll studies 1.33[1.05; 1.69]206,4711,0080%NANoh, 2022 Källén, 2013 20.55.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 1.02[0.48; 2.18]49,507184 -NAKällén, 2013 1 unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls 1.37[1.07; 1.76]156,964824 -NANoh, 2022 10.510.01.0