Alprazolam updated on 02-10-2025

Congenital heart defects

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S15387
R63447		 Noh, 2022 Heart malformations 1st trimester population based cohort retrospective unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: Not specified 1.33 [1.04;1.71] 65/1,473   83,584/3,053,381 83,649 1,473
ref
S15600
R64239		 Tinker, 2019 Heart defect (any) 1st trimester case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: Yes (with psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) 0.70 [0.40;1.10] 32/70   12,166/23,661 12,198 70
ref
S15590
R64158		 Källén, 2013 Any cardiac defects early pregnancy population based cohort retrospective unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: Not specified 2.43 [1.42;4.15] 13/444   -/1,575,847 - 444
ref
S17862
R75395		 Eros, 2002 Cardiovascular congenital anomalies during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No BZD Coexposure: Yes (with psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) Matched 1.00 [0.10;7.30]
excluded (exposition period) 		2/-   -/- - -
ref
Total 3 studies 1.31 [0.74;2.32] 95,847 1,987
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Noh, 2022Noh, 2022 1.33[1.04; 1.71]83,6491,47338%ROB confusion: moderateROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: low Tinker, 2019Tinker, 2019 0.70[0.40; 1.10]12,1987031%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: unclearROB reporting: moderate Källén, 2013Källén, 2013 2.43[1.42; 4.15]-44430%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Total (3 studies) I2 = 82% 1.31[0.74; 2.32]95,8471,9870.25.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 1.71[0.96; 3.07]83,6491,91775%NANoh, 2022 Källén, 2013 2 case control studiescase control studies 0.70[0.42; 1.16]12,19870 -NATinker, 2019 1 Type of controls unexposed (disease free or unspecified)unexposed (disease free or unspecified) 1.30[0.38; 4.40]12,19851491%NATinker, 2019 Källén, 2013 2 unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 1.33[1.04; 1.71]83,6491,473 -NANoh, 2022 1 Tags Adjustment   - Yes  - Yes 1.31[0.74; 2.32]95,8471,98782%NANoh, 2022 Tinker, 2019 Källén, 2013 3 BZD Coexposure   - Not specified  - Not specified 1.71[0.96; 3.07]83,6491,91775%NANoh, 2022 Källén, 2013 2   - Yes (with psychiatric (ATD and/or p ...  - Yes (with psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) 0.70[0.42; 1.16]12,19870 -NATinker, 2019 1 All studiesAll studies 1.31[0.74; 2.32]95,8471,98782%NANoh, 2022 Tinker, 2019 Källén, 2013 30.25.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 1.30[0.38; 4.40]12,20251491%NATinker, 2019 Källén, 2013 2 unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls 1.33[1.04; 1.71]83,6491,473 -NANoh, 2022 10.510.01.0