Alprazolam updated on 02-10-2025

Major congenital malformations

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S15387
R63446		 Noh, 2022 Overall major congenital malformations 1st trimester population based cohort retrospective unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: Not specified 1.19 [0.98;1.44] 105/1,473   156,896/3,053,381 157,001 1,473
ref
S15590
R64157		 Källén, 2013 Relatively severe malformations early pregnancy population based cohort retrospective unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: Not specified 1.97 [1.38;2.02] 31/444   49,499/1,575,847 49,530 444
ref
S17862
R75382		 Eros, 2002 Major congenital anomalies during pregnancy (anytime or not specified) excluded case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No BZD Coexposure: Yes (with psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) Matched 5.60 [0.70;18.70]
excluded (exposition period) 		10/13   22,855/61,003 22,865 13
ref
Total 2 studies 1.53 [0.93;2.51] 206,531 1,917
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Noh, 2022Noh, 2022 1.19[0.98; 1.44]157,0011,47350%ROB confusion: moderateROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: low Källén, 2013Källén, 2013 1.97[1.38; 2.02]49,53044450%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Total (2 studies) I2 = 92% 1.53[0.93; 2.51]206,5311,9170.55.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 1.53[0.93; 2.51]206,5311,91792%NANoh, 2022 Källén, 2013 2 case control studiescase control studies 0 Type of controls unexposed (disease free or unspecified)unexposed (disease free or unspecified) 1.97[1.63; 2.38]49,530444 -NAKällén, 2013 1 unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 1.19[0.98; 1.44]157,0011,473 -NANoh, 2022 1 Tags Adjustment   - Yes  - Yes 1.53[0.93; 2.51]206,5311,91792%NANoh, 2022 Källén, 2013 2 BZD Coexposure   - Not specified  - Not specified 1.53[0.93; 2.51]206,5311,91792%NANoh, 2022 Källén, 2013 2 All studiesAll studies 1.53[0.93; 2.51]206,5311,91792%NANoh, 2022 Källén, 2013 20.55.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 1.97[1.63; 2.38]49,530444 -NAKällén, 2013 1 unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls 1.19[0.98; 1.44]157,0011,473 -NANoh, 2022 10.510.01.0