Chlordiazepoxide updated on 02-10-2025

Congenital heart defects

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S15393
R63459		 Noh, 2022 Heart malformations 1st trimester population based cohort retrospective unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: Not specified 1.13 [0.65;1.97] 12/381   83,584/3,053,381 83,596 381
ref
S15450
R63552		 Czeizel, 2004 Cardiovascular congenital anomalies 1st trimester case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: Yes (with psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) Matched 2.50 [1.00;6.00] -/-   4,476/- - -
ref
S15503
R63703		 Rothman, 1979 Congenital heart disease (defects) early pregnancy case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No BZD Coexposure: Not specified 3.24 [0.81;13.01] C 4/8   386/1,636 390 8
ref
Total 3 studies 1.75 [0.91;3.39] 83,986 389
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Noh, 2022Noh, 2022 1.13[0.65; 1.97]83,59638150%ROB confusion: moderateROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: low Czeizel, 2004Czeizel, 2004 2.50[1.00; 6.00]--32%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: criticalROB missing: moderateROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Rothman, 1979Rothman, 1979 3.24[0.81; 13.01]390818%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: unclearROB reporting: moderate Total (3 studies) I2 = 41% 1.75[0.91; 3.39]83,9863890.510.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 1.13[0.65; 1.97]83,596381 -NANoh, 2022 1 case control studiescase control studies 2.70[1.27; 5.73]39080%NACzeizel, 2004 Rothman, 1979 2 Type of controls unexposed (disease free or unspecified)unexposed (disease free or unspecified) 2.70[1.27; 5.73]39080%NACzeizel, 2004 Rothman, 1979 2 unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 1.13[0.65; 1.97]83,596381 -NANoh, 2022 1 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 3.24[0.81; 13.01]3908 -NARothman, 1979 1   - Yes  - Yes 1.55[0.72; 3.32]83,59638154%NANoh, 2022 Czeizel, 2004 2 BZD Coexposure   - Not specified  - Not specified 1.56[0.60; 4.06]83,98638947%NANoh, 2022 Rothman, 1979 2   - Yes (with psychiatric (ATD and/or p ...  - Yes (with psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) 2.50[1.02; 6.12]-- -NACzeizel, 2004 1 MatchedMatched 2.50[1.02; 6.12]-- -NACzeizel, 2004 1 All studiesAll studies 1.75[0.91; 3.39]83,98638941%NANoh, 2022 Czeizel, 2004 Rothman, 1979 30.510.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 2.70[1.27; 5.73]4,85780%NACzeizel, 2004 Rothman, 1979 2 unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls 1.13[0.65; 1.97]83,596381 -NANoh, 2022 10.510.01.0