Chlordiazepoxide updated on 02-10-2025

Major congenital malformations

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S15393
R63458		 Noh, 2022 Overall major congenital malformations 1st trimester population based cohort retrospective unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: Not specified 1.50 [1.06;2.11] 30/381   156,896/3,053,381 156,926 381
ref
S15450
R63542		 Czeizel, 2004 Major congenital anomalies 1st trimester case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: Yes (with psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) Matched 1.50 [1.00;2.30] -/-   22,874/- - -
ref
S15425
R63496		 Bracken, 1981 Major congenital malformations 1st trimester case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No BZD Coexposure: Not specified Indication BZD: Psychiatric diseases (depression, anxiety, ...) 1.81 [0.55;5.94] C 5/11   1,365/4,327 1,370 11
ref
S15662
R64676		 Kullander, 1976 Major malformations (gross and insignificant major malfo) 1st trimester nested case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No BZD Coexposure: Not specified 0.61 [0.15;2.48] C 2/84   198/5,118 200 84
ref
Total 4 studies 1.47 [1.14;1.89] 158,496 476
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Noh, 2022Noh, 2022 1.50[1.06; 2.11]156,92638155%ROB confusion: moderateROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: low Czeizel, 2004Czeizel, 2004 1.50[1.00; 2.30]--37%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: criticalROB missing: moderateROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Bracken, 1981Bracken, 1981 1.81[0.55; 5.94]1,370115%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Kullander, 1976Kullander, 1976 0.61[0.15; 2.48]200843%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Total (4 studies) I2 = 0% 1.47[1.14; 1.89]158,4964760.25.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 1.50[1.06; 2.12]156,926381 -NANoh, 2022 1 case control studiescase control studies 1.43[0.98; 2.09]1,570950%NACzeizel, 2004 Bracken, 1981 Kullander, 1976 3 Type of controls unexposed (disease free or unspecified)unexposed (disease free or unspecified) 1.43[0.98; 2.09]1,570950%NACzeizel, 2004 Bracken, 1981 Kullander, 1976 3 unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 1.50[1.06; 2.12]156,926381 -NANoh, 2022 1 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 1.12[0.39; 3.25]1,5709526%NABracken, 1981 Kullander, 1976 2   - Yes  - Yes 1.50[1.15; 1.96]156,9263810%NANoh, 2022 Czeizel, 2004 2 BZD Coexposure   - Not specified  - Not specified 1.45[1.05; 2.00]158,4964760%NANoh, 2022 Bracken, 1981 Kullander, 1976 3   - Yes (with psychiatric (ATD and/or p ...  - Yes (with psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) 1.50[0.99; 2.27]-- -NACzeizel, 2004 1 Indication BZD   - Psychiatric diseases (depression, a ...  - Psychiatric diseases (depression, anxiety, ...) 1.81[0.55; 5.94]1,37011 -NABracken, 1981 1 MatchedMatched 1.50[0.99; 2.27]-- -NACzeizel, 2004 1 All studiesAll studies 1.47[1.14; 1.89]158,4964760%NANoh, 2022 Czeizel, 2004 Bracken, 1981 Kullander, 1976 40.25.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot
0.0-1.72.10.8630.000Noh, 2022Czeizel, 2004Bracken, 1981Kullander, 1976

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot
0.01.00.01.0

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 1.43[0.98; 2.09]24,435950%NACzeizel, 2004 Bracken, 1981 Kullander, 1976 3 unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls 1.50[1.06; 2.12]156,926381 -NANoh, 2022 10.510.01.0