Diazepam updated on 02-10-2025

Eye defects

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type  Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S15649
R64585
Ban (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2014 Eye malformations 1st trimester retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: No BZD Coexposure: No (among psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) Indication BZD: Psychiatric diseases (depression, anxiety, ...) 1.78 [0.44;7.14] C
excluded (control group)
2/1,159   342/351,785 344 1,159
ref
S15650
R64601
Ban (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Eye malformations 1st trimester retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed, sick Adjustment: No BZD Coexposure: No (among psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) Indication BZD: Psychiatric diseases (depression, anxiety, ...) 1.74 [0.41;7.50] C 2/1,159   19/19,193 21 1,159
ref
S15661
R64665
Czeizel, 2003 Eye congenital anomalies 1st trimester case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: Yes (with psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) Matched 0.30 [0.10;7.60] -/-   104/- - -
ref
Total 2 studies 0.87 [0.16;4.71] 21 1,159
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Ban (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014Ban, 2014 1 1.74[0.41; 7.50]211,15961%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: criticalROB missing: moderateROB mesure: unclearROB reporting: moderate Czeizel, 2003Czeizel, 2003 0.30[0.10; 7.60]--39%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: criticalROB missing: unclearROB mesure: criticalROB reporting: moderate Total (2 studies) I2 = 43% 0.87[0.16; 4.71]211,1590.25.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

1: Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick;

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 1.74[0.41; 7.50]211,159 -NABan (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 1 case control studiescase control studies 0.30[0.03; 2.62]-- -NACzeizel, 2003 1 Type of controls unexposed (disease free or unspecified)unexposed (disease free or unspecified) 0.30[0.03; 2.62]-- -NACzeizel, 2003 1 unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 1.74[0.41; 7.50]211,159 -NABan (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 1 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 1.74[0.41; 7.50]211,159 -NABan (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 1   - Yes  - Yes 0.30[0.03; 2.62]-- -NACzeizel, 2003 1 BZD Coexposure   - No (among psychiatric (ATD and/or p ...  - No (among psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) 1.74[0.41; 7.50]211,159 -NABan (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 1   - Yes (with psychiatric (ATD and/or p ...  - Yes (with psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) 0.30[0.03; 2.62]-- -NACzeizel, 2003 1 Indication BZD   - Psychiatric diseases (depression, a ...  - Psychiatric diseases (depression, anxiety, ...) 1.74[0.41; 7.50]211,159 -NABan (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 1 MatchedMatched 0.30[0.03; 2.62]-- -NACzeizel, 2003 1 All studiesAll studies 0.87[0.16; 4.71]211,15943%NABan (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Czeizel, 2003 20.15.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 15649

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 0.89[0.16; 4.88]4391,15945%NABan (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2014 Czeizel, 2003 2 unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls 1.74[0.41; 7.50]211,159 -NABan (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 10.510.01.0