Benzodiazepines (Psy and mixed indications) updated on 02-10-2025

Urinary malformations

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S17044
R75079		 Chuang - BZDs, 2024 Urinary system malformations 1st trimester population based cohort retrospective unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: Not specified 1.06 [0.88;1.27] 146/50,272   7,053/2,632,733 7,199 50,272
ref
S15381
R63381		 Noh - BZDs, 2022 Urinary system malformations 1st trimester population based cohort retrospective unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: Not specified 1.02 [0.90;1.16] 258/40,846   16,876/3,053,381 17,134 40,846
ref
S15330
R63128		 Ban - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2014 Urinary system malformations 1st trimester retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: No BZD Coexposure: No (among psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) Indication BZD: Psychiatric diseases (depression, anxiety, ...) 2.08 [0.93;4.65] C
excluded (control group) 		6/1,159   878/351,785 884 1,159
ref
S15327
R63098		 Ban - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Urinary system malformations 1st trimester retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed, sick Adjustment: No BZD Coexposure: No (among psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) Indication BZD: Psychiatric diseases (depression, anxiety, ...) 1.66 [0.72;3.85] C 6/1,159   60/19,193 66 1,159
ref
S17769
R75092		 Robert - BZDs, 1994 Congenital anomalies of urinary system 1st trimester case control unexposed (general population or NOS) Adjustment: No BZD Coexposure: Not specified 1.23 [0.30;3.47] 4/-   88/- 92 -
ref
Total 4 studies 1.04 [0.94;1.15] 24,491 92,277
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Chuang - BZDs, 2024Chuang - BZDs, 2024 1.06[0.88; 1.27]7,19950,27232%ROB confusion: moderateROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Noh - BZDs, 2022Noh - BZDs, 2022 1.02[0.90; 1.16]17,13440,84666%ROB confusion: moderateROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: low Ban - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014Ban - Diazepam, 2014 1 1.66[0.72; 3.85]661,1592%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: criticalROB missing: moderateROB mesure: unclearROB reporting: moderate Robert - BZDs, 1994Robert - BZDs, 1994 1.23[0.30; 3.47]92-1%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: criticalROB classification: criticalROB missing: lowROB mesure: unclearROB reporting: moderate Total (4 studies) I2 = 0% 1.04[0.94; 1.15]24,49192,2770.55.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

1: Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick;

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 1.04[0.94; 1.15]24,39992,2770%NAChuang - BZDs, 2024 Noh - BZDs, 2022 Ban - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 3 case control studiescase control studies 1.23[0.36; 4.18]92- -NARobert - BZDs, 1994 1 Type of controls unexposed (disease free or unspecified)unexposed (disease free or unspecified) 1.23[0.36; 4.18]92- -NARobert - BZDs, 1994 1 unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 1.04[0.94; 1.15]24,39992,2770%NAChuang - BZDs, 2024 Noh - BZDs, 2022 Ban - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 3 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 1.51[0.75; 3.02]1581,1590%NABan - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Robert - BZDs, 1994 2   - Yes  - Yes 1.03[0.93; 1.15]24,33391,1180%NAChuang - BZDs, 2024 Noh - BZDs, 2022 2 BZD Coexposure   - No (among psychiatric (ATD and/or p ...  - No (among psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) 1.66[0.72; 3.85]661,159 -NABan - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 1   - Not specified  - Not specified 1.03[0.93; 1.15]24,42591,1180%NAChuang - BZDs, 2024 Noh - BZDs, 2022 Robert - BZDs, 1994 3 Indication BZD   - Psychiatric diseases (depression, a ...  - Psychiatric diseases (depression, anxiety, ...) 1.66[0.72; 3.85]661,159 -NABan - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 1 All studiesAll studies 1.04[0.94; 1.15]24,49192,2770%NAChuang - BZDs, 2024 Noh - BZDs, 2022 Ban - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Robert - BZDs, 1994 40.55.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot
0.0-1.51.50.7490.000Chuang - BZDs, 2024Noh - BZDs, 2022Ban - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014Robert - BZDs, 1994

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot
0.01.00.01.0

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 15330

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 1.77[0.91; 3.48]9761,1590%NABan - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2014 Robert - BZDs, 1994 2 unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls 1.04[0.94; 1.15]24,39992,2770%NAChuang - BZDs, 2024 Noh - BZDs, 2022 Ban - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 30.510.01.0