Benzodiazepines (Psy and mixed indications) updated on 02-10-2025

Respiratory system anomalies

R analysis
id Study   Lib. in paper Exposition period    Study type 
 Control type 
 
Tags OR 95%CI x1/n1 x0/n0 no cases no exposed ROB Ref.
S17044
R75076		 Chuang - BZDs, 2024 Respiratory system malformations 1st trimester population based cohort retrospective unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: Not specified 1.04 [0.84;1.29] 129/50,272   4,836/2,632,733 4,965 50,272
ref
S15381
R63377		 Noh - BZDs, 2022 Respiratory system malformations 1st trimester population based cohort retrospective unexposed, sick Adjustment: Yes BZD Coexposure: Not specified 0.91 [0.59;1.40] 23/40,846   1,658/3,053,381 1,681 40,846
ref
S15330
R63136		 Ban - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2014 Respiratory system malformations 1st trimester retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed, disease free excluded Adjustment: No BZD Coexposure: No (among psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) Indication BZD: Psychiatric diseases (depression, anxiety, ...) 0.69 [0.04;11.09] C
excluded (control group) 		0/1,159   219/351,785 219 1,159
ref
S15327
R63106		 Ban - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 Respiratory system malformations 1st trimester retrospective cohort (claims database) unexposed, sick Adjustment: No BZD Coexposure: No (among psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) Indication BZD: Psychiatric diseases (depression, anxiety, ...) 0.61 [0.04;10.32] C 0/1,159   13/19,193 13 1,159
ref
Total 3 studies 1.01 [0.83;1.22] 6,659 92,277
x1: number of endpoints among exposed, n1: number of exposed; x0: number of endpoints among non exposed, n0: number of non exposed; C: calculated odds ratio from numbers of events and effectives

Forest plot

StudyTE95% CIn casesn exposedweightROBABCDEF Chuang - BZDs, 2024Chuang - BZDs, 2024 1.04[0.84; 1.29]4,96550,27280%ROB confusion: moderateROB selection: lowROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: moderate Noh - BZDs, 2022Noh - BZDs, 2022 0.91[0.59; 1.40]1,68140,84620%ROB confusion: moderateROB selection: moderateROB classification: moderateROB missing: unclearROB mesure: moderateROB reporting: low Ban - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014Ban - Diazepam, 2014 1 0.61[0.04; 10.32]131,1590%ROB confusion: criticalROB selection: moderateROB classification: criticalROB missing: moderateROB mesure: unclearROB reporting: moderate Total (3 studies) I2 = 0% 1.01[0.83; 1.22]6,65992,2770.25.01.0ROB: A: confusion, B: selection, C: classification, D: missing, E: measurement, F: reportinglow,moderate,serious,critical,unclear,

1: Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick;

Sensitivity analysis

SubsetTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2 Type of studies cohort studiescohort studies 1.01[0.83; 1.22]6,65992,2770%NAChuang - BZDs, 2024 Noh - BZDs, 2022 Ban - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 3 case control studiescase control studies 0 Type of controls unexposed, sickunexposed, sick 1.01[0.83; 1.22]6,65992,2770%NAChuang - BZDs, 2024 Noh - BZDs, 2022 Ban - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 3 Tags Adjustment   - No  - No 0.61[0.04; 10.32]131,159 -NABan - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 1   - Yes  - Yes 1.01[0.84; 1.23]6,64691,1180%NAChuang - BZDs, 2024 Noh - BZDs, 2022 2 BZD Coexposure   - No (among psychiatric (ATD and/or p ...  - No (among psychiatric (ATD and/or psychotropics) medications) 0.61[0.04; 10.32]131,159 -NABan - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 1   - Not specified  - Not specified 1.01[0.84; 1.23]6,64691,1180%NAChuang - BZDs, 2024 Noh - BZDs, 2022 2 Indication BZD   - Psychiatric diseases (depression, a ...  - Psychiatric diseases (depression, anxiety, ...) 0.61[0.04; 10.32]131,159 -NABan - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 1 All studiesAll studies 1.01[0.83; 1.22]6,65992,2770%NAChuang - BZDs, 2024 Noh - BZDs, 2022 Ban - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 30.25.01.0

Publication bias and p-hacking diagnosis

funnel plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Asymetry test p-value = NaN (by Egger's regression)

not enought points

p values plot

Funnel plot not drawn. Less than 3 points.

Sub-groups analysis using all included studies

excluded 15330

Sub-groupsTE95% CIn casesn exposedkI2ROB type of controls unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified)unexposed controls (disease free or unspecified) 0.69[0.04; 11.09]2191,159 -NABan - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, disease free), 2014 1 unexposed, sick controlsunexposed, sick controls 1.01[0.83; 1.22]6,65992,2770%NAChuang - BZDs, 2024 Noh - BZDs, 2022 Ban - Diazepam (Other indications) (Controls unexposed, sick), 2014 30.510.01.0